{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T10:16:08Z","timestamp":1765275368620,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NCC Professorial Chair Endowment, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State"},{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the application of JAYA optimization algorithms to significantly enhance the performance of indoor optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. By strategically optimizing photo-signal parameters, the system was able to improve signal distribution and reception within a confined space using circular and randomly positioned diffuse spots. The primary objective was to maximize signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and minimize delay spread (DS), two critical factors that affect transmission quality in OWC systems. Given the challenges posed by background noise and multipath dispersion, an effective optimization strategy was essential to ensure robust signal integrity at the receiver end. Key achievements of JAYA optimization include significant performance gains, such as a 29% improvement in SNR, enhancing signal clarity and reception, and a 23.3% reduction in delay spread, ensuring stable and efficient transmission. System stability also improved, with the standard deviation of SNR improving by up to 5%, leading to a more consistent performance, while the standard deviation of delay spread improved by up to 9.9%, minimizing variations across receivers. Resilience against environmental challenges: Optimization proved effective even in the presence of ambient light noise and complex multipath dispersion effects, reinforcing its adaptability in real-world applications. The findings of this study confirm that JAYA optimization algorithms offer a powerful solution for overcoming noise and dispersion issues in indoor OWC systems, leading to more reliable and high-quality optical wireless communications. These results underscore the importance of algorithmic precision in enhancing system performance, paving the way for further advancements in indoor optical networking technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14120537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T09:02:50Z","timestamp":1765270970000},"page":"537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive Optimization of Diffuse Spot Intensities and Locations for Enhanced Performance in Indoor Visible-Light Optical Wireless Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Bosso, Minna 920101, Niger State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi. B.","family":"Babadoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Bosso, Minna 920101, Niger State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Technology Incubation Centre (TIC), National Board for Technology Incubation, Federal Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology, Minna 910001, Niger State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suleiman","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Bosso, Minna 920101, Niger State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3154-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham U.","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Bosso, Minna 920101, Niger State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham. D.","family":"Morakinyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Modibbo Adama University, Yola 640001, Adamawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Oyewobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Bosso, Minna 920101, Niger State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0439-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Topside E.","family":"Mathonsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","article-title":"Next generation 5G wireless networks: A comprehensive survey","volume":"18","author":"Agiwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Alsulami, O., Hussein, A.T., Alresheedi, M.T., and Elmirghani, J.M.H. (2018). Optical wireless communication systems: A survey. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"827","article-title":"Measurements-based channel models for indoor LiFi systems","volume":"20","author":"Arfaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.Z., Shahjalal, M., Hasan, M.K., and Jang, Y.M. (2019). The Role of Optical Wireless Communication Technologies in 5G\/6G and IoT Solutions: Prospects, Directions, and Challenges. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9204367"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid, F., Wang, A., Sana, M.U., Husain, A., and Ashraf, I. (2021). Characteristic study of visible light communication and influence of coal dust particles in underground coal mines. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10080883"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3045818","article-title":"Optical wireless communications for emerging connectivity requirements","volume":"2","author":"Khalighi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kirrbach, R., Faulwa\u00dfer, M., Jakob, B., Schneider, T., and Noack, A. (2019, January 10\u201318). Li-Fi for augmented reality glasses: A proof of concept. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lebaka, M. (2006). Optimization of spot pattern in indoor diffused optical wireless systems. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., Available online: https:\/\/home.iitk.ac.in\/~ynsingh\/mtech\/lmadhu.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190186","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0186","article-title":"Organic semiconductors for visible light communications","volume":"378","author":"Manousiadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6599","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.463330","article-title":"Optimization and design of a diffuse optical wireless sensor network","volume":"61","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2018.05.003","article-title":"Optimization of intensities and locations of diffuse spots in indoor optical wireless communications","volume":"33","author":"Eltokhey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Switch. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.003000","article-title":"Optimization of spot pattern in indoor diffuse optical wireless local area networks","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1398","article-title":"Hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks: A survey","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, C., Chen, L., Wang, H., Zang, Y., and Yao, W. (2020). Influence of different structure and specification parameters on the propagation characteristics of optical signals generated by GIL partial discharge. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13123241"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14401","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2025.3584748","article-title":"An Extraction Method for the Multipath Characteristics of Simulated Tropospheric Propagation Channels","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/14\/12\/537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T10:11:35Z","timestamp":1765275095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/14\/12\/537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computers14120537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers14120537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}