{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T13:11:38Z","timestamp":1765458698802,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liaoning Province Science and Technology Joint Plan","award":["2025JH2\/101800394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JH2\/101800394"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province","award":["JYTMS20230201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYTMS20230201"]}]},{"name":"Shenyang Xing-Shen Talents Plan Project for Master Teachers","award":["XSMS2206003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XSMS2206003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the problems of dynamic brightness imbalance in image sequences and blurred object edges in multi-temporal infrared image generation, we propose an improved multi-temporal infrared image generation model based on CLE Diffusion. First, the model adopts CLE Diffusion to capture the dynamic evolution patterns of image sequences. By modeling brightness variation through the noise evolution of the diffusion process, it enables controllable generation across multiple time points. Second, we design a periodic time encoding strategy and a feature linear modulator and build a temporal control module. Through channel-level modulation, this module jointly models temporal information and brightness features to improve the model\u2019s temporal representation capability. Finally, to tackle structural distortion and edge blurring in infrared images, we design a multi-scale edge pyramid strategy and build a structure consistency module based on attention mechanisms. This module jointly computes multi-scale edge and structural features to enforce edge enhancement and structural consistency. Extensive experiments on both public visible-light and self-constructed infrared multi-temporal datasets demonstrate our model\u2019s state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. It generates high-quality images across all time points, achieving superior performance on the PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS metrics. The generated images have clear edges and structural consistency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14120548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T12:57:41Z","timestamp":1765457861000},"page":"548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on Multi-Temporal Infrared Image Generation Based on Improved CLE Diffusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optimization and Control for Ordnance Industry, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9111-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenfei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optimization and Control for Ordnance Industry, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanjing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optimization and Control for Ordnance Industry, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., Liu, S., Pan, X., and Lu, X. 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