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Adaptive combination of multiple models, voting and other data fusion strategies, and the incorporation of other disparate information fusion methods characterize ensemble learning, which addresses the improvement of a predictive model\u2019s accuracy, stability, and generalization. This paper provides a summary of the important approaches to ensemble learning and their real-world uses, emphasizing challenges and opportunities for future work. This paper also discusses how ensemble learning integrates with emergent areas such as deep learning and reinforcement learning. This paper also describes the most important machine learning methods for predicting heart disease, which include decision trees, support vector machines, artificial neural networks, Na\u00efve Bayes, random forest, and K-nearest neighbors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers15010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1767610430000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Machine Learning and Ensemble Methods for Cardiovascular Disease Prediction: A Systematic Review of Approaches, Performance Trends, and Research Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7619-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazala","family":"Gul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3580-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imtiaz Ali","family":"Korejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9532-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dil Nawaz","family":"Hakro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering, Middle East College, Muscat 124, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Technology Bahrain, Salmabad 18041, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2105-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering, Middle East College, Muscat 124, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Babar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering, Middle East College, Muscat 124, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Al Rahbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering, Middle East College, Muscat 124, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9069-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najma Imtiaz","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Software Engineering (SE), Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka 76100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012072","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1022\/1\/012072","article-title":"Heart disease prediction using machine learning algorithms","volume":"1022","author":"Jindal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. 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