{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:51:50Z","timestamp":1781189510603,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has heightened the need for evidence-based regulatory frameworks to effectively address its legal, ethical, and societal consequences. This research carefully analyzes the prevailing landscape of AI-related legislation in Mexico. The study conducts a comprehensive review of legislative initiatives related to AI regulation submitted to Mexican legislative bodies, encompassing those approved or pending in commissions. This process leads to the identification and categorization of outstanding initiatives across seven policy areas: Congress, Education, Health, Intellectual Property, Justice, AI Promotion, and AI Regulation. As a principal contribution, this work offers the first exhaustive mapping and thematic classification of legislative activity related to AI in Mexico. Furthermore, the analysis identifies systemic regulatory deficiencies, such as the lack of AI-specific legislation, the limited scope of existing data protection laws in relation to AI systems, and an absence of technical provisions concerning ethical design, algorithmic transparency, cybersecurity, and accountability frameworks. By showcasing these deficiencies, the study contributes a diagnostic framework for evaluating AI governance readiness in emerging economies. The findings emphasize the importance of establishing a comprehensive, technically sound, and internationally harmonized regulatory framework to reduce AI-related risks while promoting responsible innovation in Mexico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers15030150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1772441517000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Algorithmic Challenges and Regulatory Frameworks of Artificial Intelligence in Mexico: A Prospective Analysis from the Perspective of Digital Governance Theory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5117-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Arguijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. T\u00e9 950, Granjas M\u00e9xico, Iztacalco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 08400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9889-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yenny","family":"Villuendas-Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en C\u00f3mputo, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz s\/n, GAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Cruz-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subsecretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior, Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, Av. Universidad 1200, Piso 4, Sector 4-6, Xoco, Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03330, Mexico"},{"name":"Campus CDMX, Universidad OMI, Av. Anillo Perif\u00e9rico 42, Constituci\u00f3n de 1917, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 09260, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3039-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatan","family":"Mireles-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n de la Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro, Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos s\/n, Zacatenco, GAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"},{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Consolidaci\u00f3n de la Comunidad, Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Camacho-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en C\u00f3mputo, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz s\/n, GAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Aldape-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en C\u00f3mputo, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz s\/n, GAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bengio, Y., Mindermann, S., Privitera, D., Besiroglu, T., Bommasani, R., Casper, S., Choi, Y., Fox, P., Garfinkel, B., and Goldfarb, D. 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Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3657054.3657249"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millan Vargas, A., and Sandoval-Almazan, R. (2024, January 3\u20136). Public managers perception on artificial intelligence: The case of the State of Mexico. Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2024.234"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chief information officers\u2019 perceptions about artificial intelligence: A comparative study of implications and challenges for the public sector","volume":"26","author":"Criado","year":"2021","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Criado, J.I., Salvador, M., Ruvalcaba-G\u00f3mez, E.A., and Sandoval-Almazan, R. (2021). 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Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Empowering the Congress of the Union to Enact the Necessary Regulations to Govern the Research, Development, and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el que se Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en Materia deFacultar al Congreso de la Uni\u00f3n para Emitir las Normas Necesarias para Regular la Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo y Aplicaciones de la Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4894514_20250430_1745856634.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Moya-Bast\u00f3n, M.A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el que se Reforma Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4892696_20250429_1745367458.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ascencio-Ortega, R.C. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el que se Reforma Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4869483_20250402_1743615827.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kant\u00fan-Can, M.M. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el que se Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/03\/asun_4859609_20250320_1739467992.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sanmiguel-S\u00e1nchez, I.M. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el Que se Reforma Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/03\/asun_4859513_20250320_1739898936.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"\u00c1valos-Zempoalteca, A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Empowering Congress to Legislate on Artificial Intelligence Under an Ethical and Prudent Framework that Establishes Limits and Restrictions on the Use of Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el que se Reforma Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Facultar al Congreso Para Legislar en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial Bajo un Par\u00e1metro \u00c9tico y Prudencial que establezca L\u00edmites y Restricciones al uso de la Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/03\/asun_4846168_20250304_1740592988.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Monreal-Avila, R. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Section XVII of Article 73 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, Regarding Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto por el que se Reforma Reforma la Fracci\u00f3n XVII del Art\u00edculo 73 de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/02\/asun_4839766_20250219_1739991446.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-del-Campo, J.A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Article 3 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma lel Art\u00edculo 3o de la Constituci\u00f3n Pol\u00edtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4894851_20250430_1745941185.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Rosa-Ruiz, O.P. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Articles 153-C and 153-K of the Federal Labor Law (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma los Art\u00edculos 153-C y 153-K de la Ley Federal del Trabajo). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2024\/11\/asun_4799388_20241106_1730916446.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Castillo-Morales, F.A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree That Amends Article 30 of the General Education Law (In Spanish: Iniciativa que Reforma el Art\u00edculo 30 de la Ley General de Educaci\u00f3n). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4895763_20250430_1740589581.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Moreno-C\u00e1rdenas, R.A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree to Amend and Add Various Provisions to the General Education Law and the General Law on the Rights of Girls, Boys, and Adolescents to Establish the Obligation of the Teaching of Informatic Skills and use of Artificial Intellicence Tools in Plans and Programs of Study of the Basic, Secondary, and High Education (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma y Adiciona Diversas Disposiciones de la Ley General de Educaci\u00f3n y de la Ley General de los Derechos de Ni\u00f1as, Ni\u00f1os y Adolescentes para Establecer la Obligatoriedad de la Ense\u00f1anza de Habilidades Inform\u00e1ticas y del Manejo de Herramientas de Inteligencia Artificial en los Planes y Programas de Estudio de la Educaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica y Media Superior). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/05\/asun_4899375_20250514_1747244446.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Barba, E.J. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Which Adds Various Provisions to the General Health Law, Regarding Artificial Intelligence Applied to Health (In Spanish: Iniciativa que Adiciona Diversas Disposiciones a la Ley General de Salud, en Materia de InteliGencia Artificial Aplicada a la Salud). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2024\/08\/asun_4769696_20240827_1724256420.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Barba, E.J. (2024, May 21). Initiative with a Draft Decree to Reform and Add Various Provisions to the General Health Law, Regarding Artificial Intelligence Applied to Health (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma y Adiciona Diversas Disposiciones a la Ley General de Salud, en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada a laSalud). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2024\/12\/asun_4817597_20241205_1727896740.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lagunes-Soto-Ru\u00edz, A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Promulgating the General Law on Neuro-Rights and Neurotechnologies, and Amending and Adding Various Provisions Related to Neuro-Rights and Neurotechnologies (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Expide la Ley General de Neuroderechos y Neurotecnolog\u00edas y Reforma y Adiciona Diversas Disposiciones en Materia de Neuroderechos y Neurotecnolog\u00edas). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2024\/07\/asun_4765214_20240717_1721235743.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rend\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez, J.G. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Which Adds Section XIV to Article 17 Bis of the General Health Law (In Spanish: Iniciativa que Adiciona la Fracci\u00f3n XIV al art\u00edculo 17 Bis de la Ley General de Salud). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Librerias\/pp_HProcesoLegislativo.php?SID=bfe2f8280bc35854c0bf3b676bfcc505&Asunto=4898319&Seguimiento=4900189."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Soto, S. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending and Adding Various Provisions to the Federal Cinematography Law, the Federal Copyright Law, and the Federal Labor Law, with the Aim of Establishing Protective Measures for Voice Actors in Mexico Regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence or Emerging Technologies in Dubbing Processes (In Spanish: Iniciativa que Reforma y Adiciona Diversas Disposiciones de la Ley Federal de Cinematograf\u00eda, de la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor y de la Ley Federal del Trabajo, en Materia de Establecer Medidas de Protecci\u00f3n para las y los Actores de doblaje en M\u00e9xico Frente al uso de Inteligencia Artificial o Tecnolog\u00edas Emergentes en Procesos de Doblaje). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4896201_20250430_1745528888.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Vences-Valencia, J.K. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree That Amends and Adds Article 20 Quater of the General Law on Women\u2019s Access to a Life Free from Violence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma y Adiciona el Art\u00edculo 20 Qu\u00e1ter de la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Librerias\/pp_ReporteSeguimiento.php?SID=50b4db49742644687cedaccfd7c2d102&Seguimiento=4756337&Asunto=4754595."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A.I. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Article 20 Quater of the General Law on Women\u2019s Access to a Life Free from Violence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma el Art\u00edculo 20 Qu\u00e1ter de la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2024\/11\/asun_4810351_20241127_1732657689.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Monreal-Avila, R. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree that Amends and Adds Article 20 Quater of the General Law on Women\u2019s Access to a Life Free from Violence Against Digital Violence Through the Use of Images, Audio, or Video Generated with Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma y Adiciona el Art\u00edculo 20 Qu\u00e1ter de la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia Contra la Violencia Digital por el uso de Im\u00e1genes, Audio o Video Generados con Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: https:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4894650_20250430_1738777186.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-C\u00e1rdenas, A.S. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree Amending Article 5 and Adding Article 20 Septies to the General Law on Women\u2019s Access to a Life Free from Violence, Regarding Generative Artificial Intelligence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma el Art\u00edculo 5\u00b0 y Adiciona un art\u00edculo 20 Septies a la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia, en Materia de Inteligencia Artificial Generativa). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4892721_20250429_1745435703.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Dorantes-L\u00e1mbarri, A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree to Amends Various Provisions of the Federal Penal Code, the General Law to Prevent, Punish, and Eradicate Crimes Related to Human Trafficking and for the Protection and Assistance of Victims of These Crimes, and the General Law on Women\u2019s Access to a Life Free of Violence, Regarding Sexual Offenses Committed Using Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence Applications (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma Diversas Disposiciones del C\u00f3digo Penal Federal, de la Ley General para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar los Delitos en Materia de Trata de Personas y para la Protecci\u00f3n y Asistencia a las V\u00edctimas de Estos Delitos, y de la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una vida Libre de Violencia en Materia de Delitos Sexuales Cometidos con el uso de Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y Aplicaciones de Inteligencia Artificial). Available online: https:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4872465_20250408_1744148198.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Pozos, M. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree to Amends Various Provisions of the Federal Penal Code and the General Law on Women\u2019s Access to a Life Free of Violence, Regarding the Classification of Digital and Media Violence (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma Diversas Disposiciones del C\u00f3digo Penal Federal y de la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia, en Materia de Tipificaci\u00f3n de Violencia Digital y Medi\u00e1tica). Available online: https:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/03\/asun_4852107_20250311_1741730103.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Juan-Carlos, I. (2024, May 21). 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Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2025\/04\/asun_4869297_20250401_1742921767.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Corona-Arvizu, A. (2024, May 21). Draft Decree That Amends and Adds Adds to Chapter III and Articles 211 Ter and 211 Ter 1 of the Federal Penal Code, to Penalize the Creation of Fake Audio Recordings of Public Figures Generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) (In Spanish: Iniciativa con Proyecto de Decreto que Reforma y Adiciona el Cap\u00edtulo III y los Art\u00edculos 211 Ter y 211 Ter 1 al C\u00f3digo Penal Federal, para Sancionar la Creaci\u00f3n de Audios Falsos para Personalidades P\u00fablicas Generados por Inteligencia Artificial (IA)). Available online: http:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Archivos\/Documentos\/2024\/12\/asun_4822363_20241211_1733859383.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Mej\u00eda-Berdeja, R.S. (2024, May 21). 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