{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:39:02Z","timestamp":1782952742664,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004505","name":"University of Catania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIACERI 24-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIACERI 24-26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PIACERI 24-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIACERI 24-26"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a64bh57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-availability (HA) systems\u2014essential in many contemporary contexts\u2014are designed to guarantee the availability of processes and data for more than 99% of their operational time. These systems are typically implemented as Cloud\/Edge infrastructures that are properly maintained by human operators and intelligent agents in order to guarantee the required level of availability. Moreover, we are witnessing the widespread adoption of AI-based automation across many industries. AI-based software agents are increasingly being adopted to introduce more automation in highly available systems, particularly for monitoring and fault detection, fault prediction, recovery, and optimization processes. In this review paper, we discuss the state of the art of AI-based solutions for HA systems. In particular, we focus on the use of AI for the core operational mechanisms of monitoring, failure detection, and recovery. Our discussion begins by reviewing a few key background concepts of HA architectures, then we review recent work on AI-based solutions for monitoring, fault detection and recovery in HA systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers15040231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1775648478000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial Intelligence for High-Availability Systems: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lidia","family":"Fotia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3683-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Gaeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering (DIIN), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3685-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Informatics (DMI), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Rosaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy (DIIES), University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3753-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe M. L.","family":"Sarn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett, J., Gray, J., and Horst, B. (1987). Fault tolerance in tandem computer systems. The Evolution of Fault-Tolerant Computing: In the Honor of William C. Carter, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-8871-2_3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111208","article-title":"High-availability clusters: A taxonomy, survey, and future directions","volume":"187","author":"Somasekaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. 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