{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:14:38Z","timestamp":1785420878719,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["126021217141-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["126021217141-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["126021217141-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["126021217141-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ghqgy32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>End-user development (EUD) and model-driven engineering (MDE) are particularly valuable for building classical intelligent systems that rely on declarative knowledge bases. In these knowledge bases, the key dependencies of the domain can be described in the form of logical rules. The general-purpose modeling language used in MDE, specifically UML, enables modeling of static data structures and the dynamics of object behavior; however, it does not primarily support the modeling logical rules. In this paper, we propose a rule visual modeling language inspired by UML\u2014Rule Visual Modeling Language (RVML)\u2014which expands the capabilities of MDE in terms of using domain-specific visual languages. This approach substantially supports end-users in constructing declarative knowledge bases. We present the formal semantics, visual syntax, and features of RVML, along with two industrial case studies. We empirically evaluate the effectiveness of RVML in development compared to other graphic notations used for modeling logical rules. Our evaluation demonstrates that RVML provides superior expressiveness and better preservation of semantic integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers15050292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:57:29Z","timestamp":1777967849000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Language for Modeling Declarative Knowledge Bases in the Context of Model-Driven Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9089-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Yurin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Matrosov Institute for System Dynamics and Control Theory, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISDCT SB RAS), 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7794-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Dorodnykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matrosov Institute for System Dynamics and Control Theory, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISDCT SB RAS), 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"End-User Development for Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"Volume 13917","author":"Esposito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22646-6_14","article-title":"Characterizing end-user development solutions: A systematic literature review","volume":"Volume 11566","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-024-01211-y","article-title":"Bridging MDE and AI: A systematic review of domain-specific languages and model-driven practices in AI software systems engineering","volume":"24","author":"Berardinelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Softw. 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