{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:22:20Z","timestamp":1785424940704,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP26105045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26105045"]}]},{"award":["AP26105045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26105045"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective and reproducible diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains challenging because of the limited availability of reliable electroencephalography (EEG) biomarkers and the high variability of neural signals. This study proposes a computational framework for ADHD detection based on dynamic functional connectivity and network-index modeling. Multichannel EEG recordings were transformed into temporal connectivity graphs using sliding-window correlations of band-limited amplitude envelopes. Several network-index models were evaluated, including linear, graph-based, recurrent, and hybrid spatio-temporal approaches. The proposed Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Graph Transformer demonstrated moderate, yet reproducible, subject-level classification performance. On the independent test set, the model achieved an accuracy of 63.16%, a balanced accuracy of 62.22%, a sensitivity of 80.00%, a specificity of 44.44%, an F1-score of 69.57%, and an AUC-ROC of 0.7444. Additional analysis of the derived network index demonstrated moderate intergroup separability, with a mean index shift of 1.16, Cohen\u2019s d = 0.73, Pearson\u2019s r = 0.36, and distribution overlap = 0.72. These findings suggest that the proposed framework captures informative spatio-temporal EEG connectivity patterns associated with ADHD; however, the model\u2019s diagnostic applicability should be considered preliminary and requires validation in larger independent cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers15060333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T01:45:08Z","timestamp":1779673508000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Hybrid Spatio-Temporal Graph Transformer for EEG-Based ADHD Detection via Network Index Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makbal","family":"Baibulova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayagoz","family":"Mukhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Abdukarimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, K. Kulazhanov Kazakh University of Technology and Business, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazzat","family":"Abdykerimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4675-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulat","family":"Serimbetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, K. Kulazhanov Kazakh University of Technology and Business, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madi","family":"Akhmetzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Informatics and Programming, M. Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanat","family":"Seitakhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Modeling and Information Technology, East Kazakhstan University Named After S.Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7995-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmira","family":"Yeshtayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murizah","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0115-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aizat","family":"Amirbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraone, S.V., Bellgrove, M.A., Brikell, I., Cortese, S., Hollis, C., Newcorn, J.H., Philipsen, A., Polanczyk, G.V., Rubia, K., and Sibley, M.H. (2024). Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat. Rev. Dis. 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