{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:23:32Z","timestamp":1778372612177,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Face spoofing is considered to be one of the prominent threats to face recognition systems. However, in order to improve the security measures of such biometric systems against deliberate spoof attacks, liveness detection has received significant recent attention from researchers. For this purpose, analysis of facial skin texture properties becomes more popular because of its limited resource requirement and lower processing cost. The traditional method of skin analysis for liveness detection was to use Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and its variants. LBP descriptors are effective, but they may exhibit certain limitations in near uniform patterns. Thus, in this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) as an alternative to LBP. In addition, we adopted Dynamic Local Ternary Pattern (DLTP), which eliminates the manual threshold setting in LTP by using Weber\u2019s law. The proposed method was tested rigorously on four facial spoof databases: three are public domain databases and the other is the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) face spoof database, which was compiled through this study. The results obtained from the proposed DLTP texture descriptor attained optimum accuracy and clearly outperformed the reported LBP and LTP texture descriptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers5020010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T21:53:40Z","timestamp":1464126820000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Face Liveness Detection Using Dynamic Local Ternary Pattern (DLTP)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sajida","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Systems Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah 67450, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharifah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research Center of Excellence for Wireless and Photonic Network, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nidaa","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marsyita","family":"Hanafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research Center of Excellence for Wireless and Photonic Network, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Systems Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah 67450, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourlai, T. 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