{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:53:11Z","timestamp":1782834791358,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of production flow in manufacturing systems is analyzed. The machines can be operated by workers or by robots, since breakdowns and human factors destabilize the production processes that robots are preferred to perform. The problem is how to determine the real difference in work efficiency between humans and robots. We present an analysis of the production efficiency and reliability of the press shop lines operated by human operators or industrial robots. This is a problem from the field of Operations Research for which the Discrete Event Simulation (DES) method has been used. Three models have been developed, including the manufacturing line before and after robotization, taking into account stochastic parameters of availability and reliability of the machines, operators, and robots. We apply the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) indicator to present how the availability, reliability, and quality parameters influence the performance of the workstations, especially in the short run and in the long run. In addition, the stability of the simulation model was analyzed. This approach enables a better representation of real manufacturing processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers6010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1487850301000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Discrete Event Simulation Method as a Tool for Improvement of Manufacturing Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-4485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Kampa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Go\u0142da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Paprocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.15439\/2016F307","article-title":"Simulation model of robotic manufacturing line","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Ganzha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Position Papers of the 2016 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Glaser, A. (2009). Industrial Robots, Industrial Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Albrecht, M.C. Introduction to Discrete Event Simulation. Available online: http:\/\/www.albrechts.com\/mike\/DES\/Introduction%20to%20DES.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-6981-x","article-title":"Simulation and experimental design methods for job shop scheduling with material handling: A survey","volume":"80","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"34","article-title":"Planning and scheduling of work in robotic manufacturing systems with flexible production","volume":"12","author":"Kampa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mach. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1108\/17410380410523498","article-title":"Improved efficiency with production disturbance reduction in manufacturing systems based on discrete-event simulation","volume":"15","author":"Ingemansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Burduk, A. (2014). Process Simulation and Optimization in Sustainable Logistics and Manufacturing, Springer."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.09.020","article-title":"Survey of research in design and control of automated guided vehicle systems","volume":"170","author":"Vis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602368","article-title":"Conceptual modelling for simulation part I: Definition and requirements","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1036.825","article-title":"Automatic generation method of simulation model for production planning and simulation systems integration","volume":"1036","author":"Krenczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"38","article-title":"Production planning and control using advanced simulation systems","volume":"6","author":"Krenczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"73","article-title":"A simulation comparison of traditional, JIT, and TOC manufacturing systems in a flow shop with bottlenecks","volume":"35","author":"Cook","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prod. Inventory Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuljanic, E. (1996). Advanced Manufacturing Systems and Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-2678-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad, A., and Mebarki, N. (2016). Learning Dispatching Rules for Scheduling: A Synergistic View Comprising Decision Trees, Tabu Search and Simulation. Computers, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers5010003"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidrajuh, R. (2008, January 13\u201315). Developing a new Petri net tool for simulation of discrete event systems. Proceedings of the 2008 Second Asia International Conference on Modelling & Simulation (AMS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AMS.2008.13"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"136","article-title":"Discrete-Event Simulation","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Banks, J., Carson, J.S., Nelson, B.L., and Nicol, D. (2010). Discrete-Event System Simulation, Prentice Hall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling and Analysis of Flexible Manufacturing System with FlexSim","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimation of overall equipment effectiveness using simulation programme","volume":"Volume 95","author":"Paprocka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Modern Technologies in Industrial Engineering (ModTech2015)"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Steinemann, A., Taiber, J., Fadel, G., Wegener, K., and Kunz, A. (2012, January 7\u201311). Adapting Discrete-Event Simulation Tools to Support Tactical Forecasting in the Automotive Industry. Proceedings of the TMCE 2012, Karlsruhe, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Chryssolouris, G. (2005). Manufacturing Systems\u2014Theory and Practice, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolio, T. (2009). Design of Flexible Production Systems\u2014Methodologies and Tools, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85414-2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2011.01.001","article-title":"Design of reconfigurable manufacturing systems","volume":"29","author":"Koren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3615(87)90102-3","article-title":"Design Methodology for Advanced Manufacturing Systems","volume":"9","author":"Doumeingts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kosanke, K. (1997). Proceedings DIISM\u201996, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernus, P., Nemes, L., and Schmidt, G. (2003). Handbook on Enterprise Architecture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24744-9"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwood, A., Pawlewski, P., and Bocewicz, G. (2013, January 8\u201311). A Conceptual Design Tool to Facilitate Simulation Model Development: Object Flow Diagram. Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC 2013), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2013.6721516"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2009.09.001","article-title":"An anticipative scheduling approach with controllable processing times","volume":"37","author":"Gurel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.837.116","article-title":"Estimation of reliability characteristics in a production scheduling model with failures and time-changing parameters described by gamma and exponential distributions","volume":"837","author":"Kempa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1036.885","article-title":"A production scheduling model with maintenance","volume":"1036","author":"Paprocka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Smith, D.J. (2005). Practical Methods for Engineers, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1557234X13501471","article-title":"Modeling Human Performance for Human\u2013Robot Systems","volume":"9","author":"Harriott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Hum. Factors Ergon."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Groover, M.P. (2007). Work Systems: The Methods, Measurement and Management of Work, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(03)00094-7","article-title":"Humans: The missing link in manufacturing simulation?","volume":"12","author":"Baines","year":"2014","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Go\u0142da, G., Kampa, A., and Paprocka, I. (2017). Analysis of Human Operators and Industrial Robots Performance and Reliability. MPER, under review."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Eurostat: Health and Safety at Work Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/statistics_explained\/index.php\/Health_and_safety_at_work_statistics."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Elkind, J., Card, S., Hochberg, J., and Huey, B. (1990). Human Performance Models for Computer-Aided Engineering, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimi, M., and Karwowski, W. (1992). Human\u2014Robot Interaction, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12577"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nof, S.Y. (1999). Handbook of Industrial Robotics, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470172506"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910710749636","article-title":"The robot reliability design and improvement method and the advanced Toyota production system","volume":"34","author":"Sakai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"H\u00e4gele, M., Nilsson, K., and Pires, J.N. (2008). Springer Handbook of Robotics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1108\/13552510010311336","article-title":"A report on robot reliability and safety in Canada: A survey of robot users","volume":"6","author":"Dhillon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Qual. Maint. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barney, M., and McCarty, T. (2001). The New Six Sigma, Prentice Hall Professional.","DOI":"10.1037\/e576932011-012"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hansen, R.C. (2005). Overall Equipment Effectiveness, Industrial Press."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kulanek, R. Press Excelence Center COMAU, i.e. Robotics Press Line at the World Level. (In Polish)."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/6\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:02Z","timestamp":1760207342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/6\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["computers6010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers6010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]}}}