{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T17:58:01Z","timestamp":1767117481722,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lack of individualized fitting of hearing aids results in many patients never getting the intended benefits, in turn causing the devices to be left unused in a drawer. However, living with an untreated hearing loss has been found to be one of the leading lifestyle related causes of dementia and cognitive decline. Taking a radically different approach to personalize the fitting process of hearing aids, by learning contextual preferences from user-generated data, we in this paper outline the results obtained through a 9-month pilot study. Empowering the user to select between several settings using Internet of things (IoT) connected hearing aids allows for modeling individual preferences and thereby identifying distinct coping strategies. These behavioral patterns indicate that users prefer to switch between highly contrasting aspects of omnidirectionality and noise reduction dependent on the context, rather than relying on the medium \u201cone size fits all\u201d program frequently provided by default in hearing health care. We argue that an IoT approach facilitated by the usage of smartphones may constitute a paradigm shift, enabling continuous personalization of settings dependent on the changing context. Furthermore, making the user an active part of the fitting solution based on self-tracking may increase engagement and awareness and thus improve the quality of life for hearing impaired users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers7010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1514257598000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Personalizing the Fitting of Hearing Aids by Learning Contextual Preferences From Internet of Things Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Johansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eriksholm Research Centre, DK-3070 Snekkersten, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Korzepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Pontoppidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eriksholm Research Centre, DK-3070 Snekkersten, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Archbold, S., Lamb, B., O\u2019Neill, C., and Atkins, J. (2014). The Real Cost of Adult Hearing Loss, The Ear Foundation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingston, G., Sommerlad, A., Orgeta, V., Costafreda, S.G., Huntley, J., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., and Cohen-mansfield, J. (2017). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13649","article-title":"Self-reported hearing loss, hearing aids, and cognitive decline in elderly adults: A 25-year study","volume":"63","author":"Amieva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713811409762","article-title":"Cognitive hearing science: The legacy of Stuart Gatehouse","volume":"15","author":"Ronnberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Amplif."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2009.00742.x","article-title":"Cognition and hearing aids","volume":"50","author":"Lunner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2013.776181","article-title":"Effects of noise and working memory capacity on memory processing of speech for hearing-aid users","volume":"52","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acceptability, benefit and costs of early screening for hearing disability: A study of potential screening tests and models","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess. Southampt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.21.10.4","article-title":"Use of hearing aids and assistive listening devices in an older Australian population","volume":"21","author":"Hartley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2013.769066","article-title":"Why do people fitted with hearing aids not wear them?","volume":"52","author":"McCormack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJA-16-0123","article-title":"International outcome inventory for hearing aids: Data from a large Swedish quality register database","volume":"26","author":"Arlinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJA-16-0111","article-title":"The effects of service-delivery model and purchase price on hearing-aid outcomes in older adults: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Humes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Killion, M.C. (2002). New thinking on hearing in noise: A generalized articulation index. Semin. Hear.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-24976"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000454","article-title":"Impact of noise and noise reduction on processing effort: A pupillometry study","volume":"38","author":"Wendt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EL81","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2761924","article-title":"Loudness growth in individual listeners with hearing losses: A review","volume":"122","author":"Marozeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Le Goff, N. (2015). Amplifying Soft Sounds\u2014A Personal Matter, Oticon. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Le Goff, N., Jensen, J., Pedersen, M.S., and Callaway, S.L. (2016). An Introduction to OpenSound Navigator\u2122, Oticon."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahl, Y., and Hanssen, G.K. (2016, January 7\u201312). Breaking the sound barrier: Designing for patient participation in audiological consultations. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858126"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahl, Y., Linander, H., and Hanssen, G.K. (2014, January 26\u201330). Co-designing interactive tabletop solutions for active patient involvement in audiological consultations. Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2639189.2639221"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.25.2.7","article-title":"Patterns of hearing aid usage predict hearing aid use amount (data logged and self-reported) and overreport","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15099","article-title":"Smartphone-based system for learning and inferring hearing aid settings","volume":"27","author":"Aldaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"162","article-title":"Perception-based personalization of hearing aids using gaussian processes and active learning","volume":"23","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nielsen, J.B. (2015). Systems for Personalization of Hearing Instruments: A Machine Learning Approach. [Ph.D. Thesis, DTU Compute]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein, D.A., Lee, N.B., Kang, J.H., Agapie, E., Schroeder, J., Pina, L.R., Fogarty, J., Kientz, J.A., and Munson, S. (2017, January 6\u201311). Examining menstrual tracking to inform the design of personal informatics tools. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025635"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4273","article-title":"Mobile phone sensor correlates of depressive symptom severity in daily-life behavior: An exploratory study","volume":"17","author":"Saeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Chen, F., Chen, Z., Li, T., Harari, G., Tignor, S., Zhou, X., Ben-Zeev, D., and Campbell, A.T. (2014, January 13\u201317). StudentLife: Assessing mental health, academic performance and behavioral trends of college students using smartphones. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2632054"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Larsen, J.E., Eskelund, K., and Christiansen, T.B. (arXiv, 2017). Active self-tracking of subjective experience with a one-button wearable: A case study in military PTSD, arXiv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuttone, A., B\u00e6kgaard, P., Sekara, V., Jonsson, H., Larsen, J.E., and Lehmann, S. (2017). Sensiblesleep: A bayesian model for learning sleep patterns from smartphone events. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169901"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamykina, L., Mynatt, E.D., Davidson, P.R., and Greenblatt, D. (2008, January 5\u201310). MAHI: Investigation of social scaffolding for reflective thinking in diabetes management. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357131"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Oticon (2016). Opn hearing aid offers \u2018open sound\u2019 experience. Hear. J., 69, 44."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Grades of Hearing Impairment, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhilali, M. (2017). Modeling the cocktail party problem. The Auditory System at the Cocktail Party, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51662-2_5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litovsky, R.Y., Goupell, M.J., Misurelli, S.M., and Kan, A. (2017). Hearing with Cochlear Implants and Hearing Aids in Complex Auditory Scenes. The Auditory System at the Cocktail Party, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51662-2_10"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichora-Fuller, M.K., Alain, C., and Schneider, B.A. (2017). Older Adults at the Cocktail Party. The Auditory System at the Cocktail Party, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51662-2_9"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"365","article-title":"Predicting hearing aid microphone preference in everyday listening","volume":"396","author":"Walden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Smikey, L. (2015). 1.1 Billion People at Risk of Hearing Loss, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathers, C. (2008). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update, World Health Organization.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373960-5.00335-X"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vision, hearing, balance, and sensory impairment in Americans aged 70 years and over: United States, 1999\u20132006","volume":"31","author":"Dillon","year":"2010","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). WHO Global Estimates on Prevalence of Hearing Loss, World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:55:18Z","timestamp":1760208918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["computers7010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers7010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]]}}}