{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T14:18:42Z","timestamp":1777126722916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biometrics play an avid role in today\u2019s mobile security realm. Security experts have attempted to implement different forms of biometrics, from finger, hand, and signature to voice, retina, and iris. Recently, facial biometrics has been added to this list and has introduced another method for a more secure form of authentication. Various organizations believe that by using something you are, like biometrics, their system would be strongly secured. As this may be true, applications used for facial biometrics have lost their credibility when easily defeated. This may be through printed photographs, electronic images, and even look alike. This paper explores the scientific background as to why facial biometrics have become a trusted form of authentication, a user-friendly method, and explores the security of mobile device applications available for Android and iOS systems. We test several applications with our developed methods and discuss the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers7030037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T11:02:05Z","timestamp":1530097325000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Review of Facial Biometrics Security for Smart Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mary Grace","family":"Galterio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fordham Center for Cybersecurity, Fordham University, New York, NY 10458, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simi Angelic","family":"Shavit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fordham Center for Cybersecurity, Fordham University, New York, NY 10458, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-1499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaier","family":"Hayajneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fordham Center for Cybersecurity, Fordham University, New York, NY 10458, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/2.820038","article-title":"Biometrics: The Future of Identification","volume":"33","author":"Pankati","year":"2000","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Woodward, J.D., Horn, C., Gatune, J., and Thomas, A. (2003). Biometrics: A Look at Facial Recognition, RAND Corporation."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gates, K.A. (2011). Our Biometric Future. Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance, NYU Press."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"53","article-title":"Face Recognition Technology: A Review","volume":"VIII","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IUP J. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"13","article-title":"Biometric Authentication: A review","volume":"2","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. u- e-Serv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chabrow, E. (2018, June 20). Facial Biometrics Pose Privacy Woes: Lack of Consent Bothers Privacy Advocate Beth Givens. Available online: http:\/\/www.bankinfosecurity.com\/interviews\/facial-biometrics-pose-privacy-woes-i-1231."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.57","article-title":"Large-scale evaluation of multimodal biometric authentication using state-of-the-art systems","volume":"27","author":"Snelick","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ohana, M., Dunkelman, O., Gibson, S., and Osadchy, M. (2018, June 20). HoneyFaces: Increasing the Security and Privacy of Authentication Using Synthetic Facial Images. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1611.03811."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mardikar, U. (2017). Systems and Methods for Authenticating Facial Biometric Data against Secondary Sources. (20170091533 A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traor\u00e9, I., Nakkabi, Y., Saad, S., Sayed, B., Ardigo, J.D., and de Faria Quinan, P.M. (2017). Ensuring Online Exam Integrity through Continuous Biometric Authentication. Information Security Practices, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48947-6_6"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M., Gao, J., and Islam, R. (2017, January 5). Fuzzy rule based approach for face and facial feature extraction in biometric authentication. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand (IVCNZ), Palmerston North, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVCNZ.2016.7804444"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Google Play (2018, June 20). FaceLock. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.facelock4apps&hl=en."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Google Play (2018, June 20). AppLock. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.domobile.applock&hl=en."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Luxand (2018, June 20). Luxand Face Recognition. Available online: https:\/\/www.luxand.com\/apps\/facerecognition\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Intel Security (2018, June 20). True Key. Available online: https:\/\/www.truekey.com\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Apple Itunes Application Store (2018, June 20). Bio ID. Available online: https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/app\/bioid-facial-recognition-authenticator\/id1054317153?mt=8."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bader, D. (2018, June 20). The Galaxy S8 Has Face Recognition and Iris Scanning, and You Have to Choose One. Available online: https:\/\/www.androidcentral.com\/galaxy-s8-face-recognition-iris-scanning."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Price, T., Frahm, J.-M., and Monrose, F. (2016, January 10\u201312). Virtual U: Defeating Face Liveness Detection by Building Virtual Models from Your Public Photos. Proceedings of the 25th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 16), Austin, TX, USA."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/3\/37\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:10:18Z","timestamp":1760195418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/3\/37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["computers7030037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers7030037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]}}}