{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:04:05Z","timestamp":1760241845241,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) techniques are widely employed in the most important wireless systems, e.g., the Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular standard, to increase the reliability of the communication. Despite these schemes have been widely studied in literature in the past several years, the recent results obtained by Polyanskiy, Poor, and Verd\u00fa on the finite-blocklength regime disclosed new possibilities for the research on HARQ schemes. Indeed, new communications trends, which are usually part of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, are characterized by very short packet sizes and a high reliability requirement and, therefore, they call for efficient HARQ techniques. In many scenarios, the energy efficiency of the communication plays a key role as well. In this paper, we aim at providing a comprehensive performance comparison of various kinds of HARQ schemes in the context of short-packet transmissions with energy constraints. We derive optimal power allocation strategies and we show that a minimum 50% energy saving can be achieved after very few transmission attempts if we enable packet combining at the receiver side.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers7040048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T11:12:26Z","timestamp":1537873946000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Performance Evaluation of HARQ Schemes for the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4898-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Vangelista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Centenaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of computation","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2010.2043769","article-title":"Channel coding rate in the finite blocklength regime","volume":"56","author":"Polyanskiy","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2015.2494061","article-title":"On the evaluation of the Polyanskiy-Poor-Verd\u00f9 converse bound for finite block-length coding in AWGN","volume":"61","author":"Erseghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7721743","article-title":"Long Range Communications in Unlicensed Bands: The Rising Stars in the IoT and Smart City Scenarios","volume":"23","author":"Centenaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centenaro, M., and Vangelista, L. (2015, January 14\u201316). A study on M2M traffic and its impact on cellular networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389044"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Vodafone Group Plc (2014). New Study Item on Cellular System Support for Ultra Low Complexity and Low Throughput Internet of Things, 3GPP. Technical Report GP-140421, 3GPP TSG GERAN#62."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.06.018","article-title":"Impact of transmit power on throughput performance in wireless ad hoc networks with variable rate control","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2004.1337730","article-title":"Transmission power control in wireless ad hoc networks: Challenges, solutions and open issues","volume":"18","author":"Krunz","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700258","article-title":"Wireless Access for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication: Principles and Building Blocks","volume":"32","author":"Popovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2013.2295069","article-title":"The tactile Internet: applications and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Fettweis","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1109\/18.930931","article-title":"The throughput of hybrid-ARQ protocols for the Gaussian collision channel","volume":"47","author":"Caire","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2006.876846","article-title":"Coding performance of hybrid ARQ schemes","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Ma, S., and Tam, K.W. (2015, January 2\u20134). Outage analysis on Type I HARQ over time-correlated Rayleigh fading channels. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2015.7448651"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.010411.100328","article-title":"Analysis of non-cooperative and cooperative type II hybrid ARQ protocols with AMC over correlated fading channels","volume":"10","author":"Harsini","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1109\/18.771147","article-title":"Optimum power control over fading channels","volume":"45","author":"Caire","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.032013.120422","article-title":"Optimal power allocation for hybrid ARQ with Chase combining in i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channels","volume":"61","author":"Tumula","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2341578","article-title":"Near-optimal resource allocation for type-II HARQ based OFDMA networks under rate and power constraints","volume":"13","author":"Ksairi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6854","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2016.2616900","article-title":"Coding in the finite-blocklength regime: Bounds based on Laplace integrals and their asymptotic approximations","volume":"62","author":"Erseghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4598","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2015.2456175","article-title":"Optimum power control at finite blocklength","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2406952","article-title":"On the capacity of relaying with finite blocklength","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2015.2463278","article-title":"Energy efficient optimization for CC HARQ over block Rayleigh fading channels","volume":"19","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Ge, S., Xi, Y., and Wei, J. (2016, January 13\u201315). An energy-efficient design for multihop relay network adopting CC HARQ scheme. Proceedings of the 2016 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP), Yangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2016.7752479"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manhas, E.B., Pellenz, M.E., Brante, G., Souza, R.D., and Rosas, F. (2014, January 23\u201326). Energy efficiency analysis of HARQ with chase combining in multihop wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Madeira, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2014.6912507"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2604119","article-title":"Uplink HARQ for Cloud RAN via separation of control and data planes","volume":"66","author":"Khalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Sung, D.K., and Le-Ngoc, T. (2013, January 9\u201313). Performance analysis of incremental redundancy type hybrid ARQ for finite-length packets in AWGN channel. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2353059","article-title":"Finite block-length analysis of the incremental redundancy HARQ","volume":"3","author":"Makki","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J.-M., Xi, Y., and Wei, J.-B. (2017, January 18\u201320). Performance Analysis of Multihop CC HARQ over Lognormal Shadowed Nakagami-m Fading Channels. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information Science and Technology (IST 2017), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1051\/itmconf\/20171106003"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2829747","article-title":"Energy-Efficient HARQ-IR for Massive MIMO Systems","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-017-0360-5","article-title":"Resource Allocations for Ultra-Realiable Low-Latency Communications","volume":"24","author":"Shariatmadari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ross, S.M. (1995). Stochastic Processes, Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polyanskiy, Y., Poor, H., and Verdu, S. (July, January 28). Dispersion of Gaussian channels. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2009.5205834"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511841224"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centenaro, M., and Vangelista, L. (2015, January 8\u201312). HARQ in LTE uplink: A simple and effective modification suitable for low mobility users. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248910"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"3GPP (2015). Cellular System Support for Ultra-Low Complexity and Low Throuhgput Internet of Things (CIoT), 3GPP. Technical Report 45.820."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centenaro, M., Ministeri, G., and Vangelista, L. (2015, January 4\u20137). A comparison of energy-efficient HARQ protocols for M2M communication in the finite block-length regime. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2015.7324397"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/4\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:22:23Z","timestamp":1760196143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/4\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computers7040048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers7040048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]}}}