{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:23:28Z","timestamp":1775265808658,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Strategic Information and Communications R&amp;D Promotion Programme (SCOPE), Japan","award":["162107006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162107006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we compare the exergaming experience of young and old individuals under four difficulty adjustment methods. Physical inactivity is a leading cause of numerous health conditions including heart diseases, diabetes, cancer, and reduced life expectancy. Committing to regular physical exercise is a simple non-pharmaceutical preventive measure for maintaining good health and sustaining quality of life. Incorporating exercise into games, studies frequently used exergames as an intervention tool over the last decades to improve physical functions and to increase adherence to exercise. While task difficulty optimization is crucial to exergame design, researchers consistently overlooked age as an element which can significantly influence the nature of end results. We use the Flow State Scale to analyze the mental state of young and old individuals to compare constant difficulty with ramping, performance-based, and biofeedback-based difficulty adjustments. Our results indicate that old individuals are less likely to experience flow compared to young under the same difficulty adjustment methods. Further investigation revealed that old individuals are likely to experience flow under ramping and biofeedback-based difficulty adjustments whereas performance-based adjustments were only feasible for young.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers7040059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T10:32:07Z","timestamp":1541586727000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exergame Experience of Young and Old Individuals Under Different Difficulty Adjustment Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2942-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oral","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2014-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goshiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Information Technology and Administration Planning, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Taketomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Plopski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sandor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3921-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Fact Sheet on Physical Activity, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence","volume":"174","author":"Warburton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00425.x","article-title":"Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Booth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30383-X","article-title":"The economic burden of physical inactivity: A Global Analysis of major non-communicable diseases","volume":"388","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.4.354","article-title":"Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial-ethnic groups of US middle-aged older-aged women","volume":"19","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61514-0","article-title":"Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: Health effects and cost-effectiveness","volume":"376","author":"Cecchini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0483","article-title":"Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance","volume":"94","author":"Nedeltcheva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102117","article-title":"Stress, fatigue, health, and risk of road traffic accidents among professional drivers: The contribution of physical inactivity","volume":"27","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.8.2123","article-title":"Interplay of stress and physical inactivity on muscle loss: Nutritional countermeasures","volume":"136","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kohl, H.W., and Cook, H.D. (2013). Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6498624","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6498624","article-title":"Approaches in physical activity: From basic to applied research","volume":"2016","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2012.0011","article-title":"A scoping review of health game research: Past, present, and future","volume":"1","author":"Kharrazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Games Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2015.0087","article-title":"A scoping review of digital gaming research involving older adults aged 85 and older","volume":"5","author":"Marston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerling, K.M., Schild, J., and Masuch, M. (2010, January 17\u201319). Exergame design for elderly users: The case study of SilverBalance. Proceedings of the Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/1971630.1971650"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brox, E., Luque, L.F., Evertsen, G.J., and Hern\u00e1ndez, J.E.G. (2011, January 23\u201326). Exergames for elderly: Social exergames to persuade seniors to increase physical activity. Proceedings of the 2011 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops, Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2011.246049"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerling, K.M., Livingston, I.J., Nacke, L.E., and Mandryk, R.L. (2012, January 5\u201310). Full-body motion-based game interaction for older adults. Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208324"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2357","article-title":"Can exergaming contribute to improving physical activity levels and health outcomes in children?","volume":"124","author":"Daley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0578","article-title":"Is playing exergames really exercising? A meta-analysis of energy expenditure in active video games","volume":"14","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2013.0036","article-title":"The physical effect of exergames in healthy elderly\u2014A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Larsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-33","article-title":"The role of exergaming in Parkinson\u2019s disease rehabilitation: A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"11","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00162.x","article-title":"Exergames for physical education courses: Physical, social, and cognitive benefits","volume":"5","author":"Staiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026938","article-title":"Competitive versus cooperative exergame play for African American adolescents\u2019 executive function skills: Short-term effects in a long-term training intervention","volume":"48","author":"Staiano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20282","article-title":"Adolescent exergame play for weight loss and psychosocial improvement: A controlled physical activity intervention","volume":"21","author":"Staiano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2013.0100","article-title":"Therapeutic uses of active videogames: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Staiano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fox News (Fox News, 2005). Exercise, lose weight with \u2018Exergaming\u2019, Fox News."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nintendo (2018, November 06). Financial results briefing for the three-month period ended June 2009. Available online: https:\/\/www.nintendo.co.jp\/ir\/pdf\/2009\/090731e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"705","article-title":"The use of Nintendo Wii as therapeutic resource for elderly: An activity analysis from the occupational therapy perspective","volume":"24","author":"Toyoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cad. Ter. Ocup."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4236\/ojn.2014.48060","article-title":"Nintendo\u00ae Wii\u2122 and a physical activity routine: Effective therapeutic interventions in the older adult population?","volume":"4","author":"Fain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.012","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"964","article-title":"Exergaming in older adults: Movement characteristics while playing stepping games","volume":"7","author":"Vonstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2014.0057","article-title":"Improving walking, muscle strength, and balance in the elderly with an exergame using Kinect: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Games Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2012.0041","article-title":"Xbox 360 Kinect exergames for health","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Games Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-108","article-title":"Systematic review of Kinect applications in elderly care and stroke rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Webster","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-60","article-title":"Retraining function in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease using the Microsoft Kinect: Game design and pilot testing","volume":"11","author":"Galna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yim, J., and Graham, T.N. (2007, January 14\u201317). Using games to increase exercise motivation. Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Future Play, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1328202.1328232"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijsselsteijn, W., Nap, H.H., de Kort, Y., and Poels, K. (2008, January 3\u20135). Digital game design for elderly users. Proceedings of the Future Play, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1328202.1328206"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"294","article-title":"Short-term psychological effects of interactive video game technology exercise on mood and attention","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1705-345","article-title":"Development of an interactive game-based rehabilitation tool for dynamic balance training","volume":"17","author":"Lange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3109\/13697130903395193","article-title":"Is the Wii Fit (TM) a new-generation tool for improving balance, health and well-being? A pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Nits","year":"2010","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3109\/11038128.2010.487113","article-title":"Older adults\u2019 motivating factors and barriers to exercise to prevent falls","volume":"18","author":"Lindgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"399","article-title":"Exergaming: Interactive balance training in healthy community-dwelling older adults","volume":"4","author":"Kosse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyber Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyani, P., Hsieh, G., Mutlu, B., Matthew, E., and Forlizzi, J. (2005). DanceAlong: Supporting positive social exchange and exercise for the elderly through dance. Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1056808.1056961"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.08.006","article-title":"Playful persuasion to support older adults\u2019 social and physical activities","volume":"22","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldwin, A., Johnson, D., and Wyeth, P.A. (2014). The effect of multiplayer dynamic difficulty adjustment on the player experience of video games. Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2581285"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Smeddinck, J.D., Siegel, S., and Herrlich, M. (2013, January 29\u201331). Adaptive difficulty in exergames for Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Proceedings of the Regina Graphics Interface, Regina, SK, Canada."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerling, K.M., Miller, M., Mandryk, R.L., Birk, M.V., and Smeddinck, J.D. (2013, January 29\u201331). Effects of balancing for physical abilities on player performance, experience and self-esteem in exergames. Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems, Regina, SK, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2556963"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Stach, T., Graham, N., Yim, J., and Rhodes, R. (2009, January 25\u201327). Heart rate control of exercise video games. Proceedings of the Graphics Interface, Kelowna, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310902963944","article-title":"Dynamic difficulty adjustment in computer games through real-time anxiety-based affective feedback","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, F., Edge, D., Vetere, F., Gibbs, M.R., Agamanolis, S., Bongers, B., and Sheridan, J.G. (2011, January 7\u201312). Designing sports: A framework for exertion games. Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979330"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.19.4.459","article-title":"Effect of screen-based media on energy expenditure and heart rate in 9-to 12-year-old children","volume":"19","author":"Straker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.7.3.393","article-title":"The physiological cost and enjoyment of Wii Fit in adolescents, young adults, and older adults","volume":"7","author":"Graves","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6759","article-title":"Influence of Pok\u00e9mon Go on physical activity: Study and implications","volume":"18","author":"Althoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822e5967","article-title":"Comparison between Nintendo Wii Fit aerobics and traditional aerobic exercise in sedentary young adults","volume":"26","author":"Douris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.012","article-title":"Motivating elders to initiate and maintain exercise","volume":"85","author":"Phillips","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billis, A., Konstantinidis, E., Mouzakidis, C., Tsolaki, M., Pappas, C., and Bamidis, P. (2010, January 27\u201330). A game-like interface for training seniors\u2019 dynamic balance and coordination. Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, Chalkidiki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13039-7_174"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.6.688","article-title":"Virtual fitness: Stimulating exercise behavior through media technology","volume":"15","author":"Ijsselsteijn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presence-Teleoper. Virtual Env."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durick, J., Robertson, T., Brereton, M., Vetere, F., and Nansen, B. (2013, January 25\u201329). Dispelling ageing myths in technology design. Proceedings of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference, Adelaide, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/2541016.2541040"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000365755","article-title":"Designing for movement quality in exergames: Lessons learned from observing senior citizens playing stepping games","volume":"61","author":"Nawaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerling, K.M., Schulte, F.P., and Masuch, M. (2011, January 8\u201311). Designing and evaluating digital games for frail elderly persons. Proceedings of the Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/2071423.2071501"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldwin, A., Johnson, D., Wyeth, P., and Sweetser, P. (2013, January 23\u201325). A framework of dynamic difficulty adjustment in competitive multiplayer video games. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Games Innovation Conference (IGIC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGIC.2013.6659150"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunicke, R. (2005, January 15\u201317). The case for dynamic difficulty adjustment in games. Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/1178477.1178573"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennings-Teats, M., Smith, G., and Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2010, January 18). Polymorph: Dynamic difficulty adjustment through level generation. Proceedings of the Workshop on Procedural Content Generation in Games, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1814256.1814267"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"331","article-title":"Development of an interactive stepping game to reduce falls in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Uzor, S., and Baillie, L. (May, January 26). Investigating the long-term use of exergames in the home with elderly fallers. Proceedings of the Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.18.1.17","article-title":"Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale","volume":"18","author":"Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"285","article-title":"Cognition, technology and games for the elderly: An introduction to ELDERGAMES Project","volume":"4","author":"Gamberini","year":"2006","journal-title":"PsychNol. J."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Bruckman, A. (1999, January 15\u201319). Can educational be fun. Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"307","article-title":"The effects of training on the heart rate","volume":"35","author":"Karvonen","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Harper & Row."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"338","article-title":"Revision of the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q)","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2014.0090","article-title":"Narrative in exergames: Thoughts on procedure, mechanism, and others","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Games Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1","article-title":"Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective","volume":"52","author":"Bandura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027587094001","article-title":"Social interaction, loneliness, and emotional well-being among the elderly","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer, R., Luszczynska, A., Ziegelmann, J.P., Scholz, U., and Lippke, S. (2008). Social-Cognitive Predictors of Physical Exercise Adherence: Three Longitudinal Studies in Rehabilitation, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.1(Suppl.).S54"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/4\/59\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:18:26Z","timestamp":1775261906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/4\/59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computers7040059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers7040059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]}}}