{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1772252501184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor network is an emerging technology, and the collaboration of wireless sensors becomes one of the active research areas for utilizing sensor data. Various sensors collaborate to recognize the changes of a target environment, to identify, if any radical change occurs. For the accuracy improvement, the calibration of sensors has been discussed, and sensor data analytics are becoming popular in research and development. However, they are not satisfactorily efficient for the situations where sensor devices are dynamically moving, abruptly appearing, or disappearing. If the abrupt appearance of sensors is a zero-day attack, and the disappearance of sensors is an ill-functioning comrade, then sensor data analytics of untrusted sensors will result in an indecisive artifact. The predefined sensor requirements or meta-data-based sensor verification is not adaptive to identify dynamically moving sensors. This paper describes a deep-learning approach to verify the trustworthiness of sensors by considering the sensor data only. The proposed verification on sensors can be done without having to use meta-data about sensors or to request consultation from a cloud server. The contribution of this paper includes (1) quality preservation of sensor data for mining analytics. The sensor data are trained to identify their characteristics of outliers: whether they are attack outliers, or outlier-like abrupt changes in environments; and (2) authenticity verification of dynamically moving sensors, which was possible. Previous unknown sensors are also identified by deep-learning approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers7040063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T11:48:31Z","timestamp":1542368911000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trustworthiness of Dynamic Moving Sensors for Secure Mobile Edge Computing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Math\/Computer Science Department, Mercy College, New York, NY 10522, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, August 30). TPMS. Available online: https:\/\/www.waynethomaschevrolet.com\/vehicle-warning-lights."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1325651.1325652","article-title":"Mitigating DoS attacks against broadcast authentication in wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Ning","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sensor Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokri, R., Poturalski, M., Ravot, G., Papadimitratos, P., and Hubaux, J. (2009, January 16\u201319). A practical secure neighbor verification protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Conference on Wireless Security, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1514274.1514302"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1145\/2442116.2442123","article-title":"Providing DoS resistance for signature-based broadcast authentication in sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2018, August 29). JavaScript Object Notation. Available online: https:\/\/www.json.org\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iorga, M., Feldman, L., Barton, R., Martin, M., Goren, N., and Mahmoudi, C. (2018). Fog Computing Conceptual Model, Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-325"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2018, August 29). BeagleBone Black. Available online: http:\/\/beagleboard.org\/Products."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018, August 29). Arduino. Available online: http:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2018, August 29). Raspberry Pi. Available online: https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renuka, N., Nan, N., and Ismail, W. (2013, January 4\u20135). Embedded RFID tracking system for hospital application using WSN platform. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA.2013.6694539"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiropoulou, E., Paruchuri, S., and Baras, J. (2017, January 22\u201324). Interest, energy and physical-aware coalition formation and resource allocation in smart IoT applications. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2017.7926111"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Pietro, R., Soriente, C., Spognardi, A., and Tsudik, G. (2009, January 16\u201319). Collaborative authentication in unattended WSNs. Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1514274.1514307"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, M., and Shin, K. (2008, January 22\u201325). ARCMA: Attack-resilient collaborative message authentication in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1145\/1460877.1460917"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Guo, L.C.S., Shu, Y., Zhang, F., Gu, Y., Chen, J., and He, T. (2011, January 1\u201314). Selective reference mechanism for neighbor discovery in low-duty wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, X., Hou, Y., and Hou, C. (2017, January 13\u201316). A distributed incremental learning method for sparse kernel machine over wireless network. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Machine Learning and Soft Computing, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.","DOI":"10.1145\/3036290.3036328"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1145\/3200904","article-title":"Thermal-sensor-based occupancy detection for smart buildings using machine-learning methods","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P., Tu, Y., Yang, Z., Jatowt, A., and Odagaki, M. (2018, January 23\u201327). Deep modeling of the evolution of user preferences and item attributes in dynamic social networks. Proceedings of the Conference on WWW, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3186956"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018, August 29). AutomationNetworkSelection_3rdEd_Chapter3. Available online: https:\/\/www.isa.org\/pdfs\/automation-network-3rd-edition-chapter-3\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"IEEE (2011). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (Part 15.7) Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Using Visible Light, IEEE. IEEE Std 802.15.7-2011."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-017-1081-6","article-title":"Man-in-the-middle attacks on secure simple pairing in Bluetooth standard v5.0 and its countermeasure","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alanezi, K., Rafiq, R., Chen, L., and Mishra, S. (2017, January 5\u20137). Leveraging BLE and social trust to enable mobile in situ collaborations. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, Beppu, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3022227.3022324"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C., Alexandris, K., and Nikaein, N. (2016, January 3\u20137). MEC architectural implications for LTE\/LTE-A networks. Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Mobility in the Evolving Internet Architecture, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2980137.2980139"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezoa, F., Reutter, J., and Suarez, F. (2016, January 11\u201315). Foundations of JSON schema. Proceedings of the WWW Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883029"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bourhis, P., Reutter, J., Suarez, F., and Vrgoc, D. (2017, January 14\u201319). JSON: Data model, query languages and schema specification. Proceedings of the ACM PODS Conference, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isena, P.L., and Troncy, R. (2018, January 23\u201327). Transformaing the JSON output of SPARQL queries for linked data clients. Proceedings of the WWW Conference, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188739"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detering, D., Somorovsky, J., and Mainka, C. (2017, January 16\u201317). On the (in-)security of javascript object signing and encryuption. Proceedings of the 1st Reversing and Offensive-Oriented Trends Symposium, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/3150376.3150379"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/4\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:30:08Z","timestamp":1760196608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/7\/4\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computers7040063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers7040063","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0317.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]}}}