{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:35:01Z","timestamp":1780731301834,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a set of techniques used for downsampling and upsampling of 2D images is analyzed on various image datasets. The comparison takes into account a significant number of interpolation kernels, their parameters, and their algebraical form, focusing mostly on linear interpolation methods with symmetric kernels. The most suitable metrics for measuring the performance of upsampling and downsampling filters\u2019 combinations are presented, discussing their strengths and weaknesses. A test benchmark is proposed, and the obtained results are analyzed with respect to the presented metrics, offering explanations about specific filter behaviors in general, or just in certain circumstances. In the end, a set of filters and parameters recommendations is offered based on extensive testing on carefully selected image datasets. The entire research is based on the study of a large set of research papers and on a solid discussion of the underlying signal processing theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers8020030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T03:14:28Z","timestamp":1556075668000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Study of Image Upsampling and Downsampling Filters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Drago\u0219","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control & Computers, Politehnica University of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costin-Anton","family":"Boiangiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control & Computers, Politehnica University of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/5.993400","article-title":"A Chronology of Interpolation: From Ancient Astronomy to Modern Signal and Image Processing","volume":"90","author":"Meijering","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1109\/42.875199","article-title":"Interpolation Revisited","volume":"19","author":"Blu","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(00)00040-2","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Convolution-Based Methods for Medical Image Interpolation","volume":"5","author":"Meijering","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1145\/378456.378514","article-title":"Reconstruction Filters in Computer Graphics","volume":"22","author":"Mitchell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/10\/104015","article-title":"A survey on evaluation methods for image interpolation","volume":"20","author":"Amanatiadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mughal, B., Muhammad, N., Sharif, M., Rehman, A., and Saba, T. (2018). Removal of Pectoral Muscle Based on Topographic Map and Shape-Shifting Silhouette. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4638-5"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, April 20). Weber\u2019s law, Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Weber%27s_Law."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1109\/83.941853","article-title":"Combined Edge Crispiness and Statistical Differencing for Deblocking JPEG Compressed Images","volume":"10","author":"Reza","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1006\/cgip.1993.1035","article-title":"Theory and Design of Local Interpolators","volume":"55","author":"Schaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Graph. Models Image Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.597800","article-title":"Evaluation and Design of Filters Using a Taylor Series Expansion","volume":"3","author":"Moller","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1983.4307610","article-title":"Comparison of Interpolation Methods for Image Resampling","volume":"2","author":"Parker","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1109\/42.816070","article-title":"Survey: Interpolation in Medical Image Processing","volume":"18","author":"Lehmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1109\/83.743854","article-title":"Image Reconstruction by Convolution with Symmetrical Piecewise nth-Order Polynomial Kernels","volume":"8","author":"Meijering","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1109\/78.575709","article-title":"Short Kernel Fifth-Order Interpolation","volume":"45","author":"German","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1981.1163711","article-title":"Cubic Convolution Interpolation for Digital Image Processing","volume":"29","author":"Keys","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1109\/83.623195","article-title":"Quadratic Interpolation for Image Resampling","volume":"6","author":"Dodgson","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1109\/83.931101","article-title":"MOMS: Maximal-Order Interpolation of Minimal Support","volume":"10","author":"Blu","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bozek, J., Grgic, M., and Delac, K. (2010, January 15\u201317). Comparative analysis of interpolation methods for bilateral asymmetry. Proceedings of the 52nd International Symposium ELMAR-2010, Zadar, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2","article-title":"A Survey on the Methods of Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction","volume":"15","author":"Sudheer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wittman, T. (2005). Mathematical Techniques for Image Interpolation, Department of Mathematics, University of Minnesota. Report Submitted for Completion of Mathematics Department Oral Exam."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Li, D., and Simske, S. (2011, January 11\u201314). Fast Single Image Super-resolution by Self-trained Filtering. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, ICIC 2011, Zhengzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, A. (2007). New Filters for Image Interpolation and Resizing, Media Technologies Laboratory, HP Laboratories. HPL-2007-179.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2007.4379993"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1109\/83.951537","article-title":"New Edge-Directed Interpolation","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"4631","article-title":"Enlargement of Image Based Upon Interpolation Techniques","volume":"2","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Oppenheim, A.V., Schafer, R.W., and Buck, J.R. (1999). Discrete-time Signal Processing, Prentice Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Serbanescu, A., Serban, G., Iana, G.V., Oroian, T., and Rincu, I. (2004). Prelucrare Digitala a Semnalelor, Editura Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Pites\u0327ti. (In Romanian)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kon, M. (2019, April 20). Basics of Wavelets. Available online: http:\/\/math.bu.edu\/people\/mkon\/Wavelets.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01200891","article-title":"A Wavelet-Based Interpolation-Restoration Method for Superresolution","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Youssef, A. (April, January 30). Analysis and Comparison of Various Image Downsampling and Unsampling Methods. Proceedings of the DCC \u201998 Data Compression Conference, Snowbird, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Smith, S.W. (1999). The Scientist and Engineer\u2019s Guide to Digital Signal Processing, California Technical Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1109\/42.500145","article-title":"A New Approach to the Interpolation of Sampled Data","volume":"15","author":"Appledorn","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaseghi, S.V. (2000). Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0470841621"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/78.193220","article-title":"B-spline Signal Processing. I-Theory","volume":"41","author":"Unser","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Getreuer, P. (2019, April 20). Linear Methods for Image Interpolation. Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5201\/ipol.2011.g_lmii.","DOI":"10.5201\/ipol.2011.g_lmii"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/79.799930","article-title":"Splines: A Perfect Fit for Signal and Image Processing","volume":"16","author":"Unser","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/78.193221","article-title":"B-spline Signal Processing. II-Efficiency Design and Applications","volume":"41","author":"Unser","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1090\/qam\/15914","article-title":"Contribution to the Problem of Approximation of Equidistant Data by Analytic Functions","volume":"4","author":"Schoenberg","year":"1946","journal-title":"Q. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2003.821718","article-title":"Adaptive Image Interpolation Based on Local Gradient Features","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, H., Groller, E., and Theussl, T. (2000, January 9\u201310). Mastering Windows: Improving Reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Symposium on Volume Visualization (VV 2000), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VV.2000.10002"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-1221(01)85004-5","article-title":"Quadratic B-Spline Curve Interpolation","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Thyssen, A. (2019, April 20). ImageMagick v6 Examples\u2014Resampling Filters. Available online: http:\/\/www.imagemagick.org\/Usage\/filter."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1978.1163067","article-title":"A generalized Hamming window","volume":"26","author":"Webster","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, L., Luo, S., He, S., and Chen, G. (2010, January 16\u201318). Recursive algorithms for direct computation of generalized sliding discrete cosine transforms. Proceedings of the 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Yantai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2010.5647109"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1981.1163506","article-title":"Some windows with very good sidelobe behavior","volume":"29","author":"Nuttall","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2534398","article-title":"Perfectly Flat-Top and Equiripple Flat-Top Cosine Windows","volume":"64","author":"Duda","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Smith, J.O. (2011). Spectral Audio Signal Processing, W3K Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/ccrma.stanford.edu\/~jos\/sasp\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Varshney, L. (2019, April 20). On the Use of Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Windows for Frequency Selective Filter Design. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/fa48\/6f9f6478f856bf551b3db5be0859c71e73e5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2046594","article-title":"DFT Interpolation Algorithm for Kaiser\u2013Bessel and Dolph\u2013Chebyshev Windows","volume":"60","author":"Duda","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Otto, R., Engel, E., Richter, D., Newton, V., Padilla, A.L., Alexander, B., Rivas, M., Sahu, K.T., Budinger, M., and Wong, S. (2019, April 20). LBNL DSD Whole Frog Project. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Available online: http:\/\/froggy.lbl.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Weber, A.G. (1997). The USC-SIPI Image Database: Version 5, University of Southern California, Viterbi School of Engineering. USC-SIPI Report 315."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, D., Agam, G., Argamon, S., Frieder, O., Grossman, D., and Heard, J. (2006, January 6\u201310). Building a Test Collection for Complex Document Information Processing. Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148307"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agam, G., Argamon, S., Frieder, O., Grossman, D., and Lewis, D. (2006). The Complex Document Image Processing (CDIP) Test Collection Project, Illinois Institute of Technology.","DOI":"10.1145\/1148170.1148274"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2007). The Legacy Tobacco Document Library (LTDL), University of California. Available online: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/8\/2\/30\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:34Z","timestamp":1760186794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/8\/2\/30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["computers8020030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers8020030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]]}}}