{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:41:35Z","timestamp":1760362895716,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A computer vision system for automatic recognition and classification of five varieties of plant leaves under controlled laboratory imaging conditions, comprising: 1\u2013Cydonia oblonga (quince), 2\u2013Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn (river red gum), 3\u2013Malus pumila (apple), 4\u2013Pistacia atlantica (mt. Atlas mastic tree) and 5\u2013Prunus armeniaca (apricot), is proposed. 516 tree leaves images were taken and 285 features computed from each object including shape features, color features, texture features based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix, texture descriptors based on histogram and moment invariants. Seven discriminant features were selected and input for classification purposes using three classifiers: hybrid artificial neural network\u2013ant bee colony (ANN\u2013ABC), hybrid artificial neural network\u2013biogeography based optimization (ANN\u2013BBO) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Mean correct classification rates (CCR), resulted in 94.04%, 89.23%, and 93.99%, for hybrid ANN\u2013ABC; hybrid ANN\u2013BBO; and LDA classifiers, respectively. Best classifier mean area under curve (AUC), mean sensitivity, and mean specificity, were computed for the five tree varieties under study, resulting in: 1\u2013Cydonia oblonga (quince) 0.991 (ANN\u2013ABC), 95.89% (ANN\u2013ABC), 95.91% (ANN\u2013ABC); 2\u2013Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn (river red gum) 1.00 (LDA), 100% (LDA), 100% (LDA); 3\u2013Malus pumila (apple) 0.996 (LDA), 96.63% (LDA), 94.99% (LDA); 4\u2013Pistacia atlantica (mt. Atlas mastic tree) 0.979 (LDA), 91.71% (LDA), 82.57% (LDA); and 5\u2013Prunus armeniaca (apricot) 0.994 (LDA), 88.67% (LDA), 94.65% (LDA), respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers9010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Computer Vision System for the Automatic Classification of Five Varieties of Tree Leaf Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-5329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajad","family":"Sabzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razieh","family":"Pourdarbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teor\u00eda de la Se\u00f1al y Comunicaciones e Ingenier\u00eda Telem\u00e1tica, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Castilla-Le\u00f3n Neuroscience Institute (INCYL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1614\/0043-1745(2002)050[0672:OSMOSA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Off-site movement of surface-applied simazine from a citrus orchard as affected by irrigation incorporation","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"134","article-title":"Leaf identification using feature extraction and neural network","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. 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