{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T22:57:24Z","timestamp":1777157844435,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.002-0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.002-0023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are emerging field characterized by complex data model, dynamics and strict time requirements. Ensuring cybersecurity in ITS is a complex task on which the safety and efficiency of transportation depends. The imposition of standards for a comprehensive architecture, as well as specific security standards, is one of the key steps in the evolution of ITS. The article examines the general outlines of the ITS architecture and security issues. The main focus of security approaches is: configuration and initialization of the devices during manufacturing at perception layer; anonymous authentication of nodes in VANET at network layer; defense of fog-based structures at support layer and description and standardization of the complex model of data and metadata and defense of systems, based on AI at application layer. The article oversees some conventional methods as network segmentation and cryptography that should be adapted in order to be applied in ITS cybersecurity. The focus is on innovative approaches that have recently been trying to find their place in ITS security strategies. These approaches includes blockchain, bloom filter, fog computing, artificial intelligence, game theory and ontologies. In conclusion, a correlation is made between the commented methods, the problems they solve and the architectural layers in which they are applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers9040083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T08:55:53Z","timestamp":1602579353000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Cybersecurity in Intelligent Transportation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Teodora","family":"Mecheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plovdiv Branch, Technical University of Sofia, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Kakanakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plovdiv Branch, Technical University of Sofia, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola, P., and Silvestri, F. (2019). Autonomous vehicles and future mobility solutions. Autonomous Vehicles and Future Mobility, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817696-2.00001-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, M., Liu, S., Ma, S., and Wan, A. (2020). Anonymous-authentication scheme based on fog computing for VANET. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228319"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, H., and Papadimitratos, P. (2016, January 8\u201310). Proactive certificate validation for VANETs. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2016.7835974"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEEE (2016). 1609.2-2016 IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments\u2014Security Services for Applications and Management Messages, IEEE. Revision of IEEE Std 1609.2-2013."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-017-0090-3","article-title":"Fog computing security: A review of current applications and security solutions","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput. Adv. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busygin, A.G., Kalinin, M., and Konoplev, A. (2018). Supporting connectivity of VANET\/MANET network nodes and elastic software-configurable security services using blockchain with floating genesis block. Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Conference \u2019the Convergence of Digital and Physical Worlds: Technological, Economic and Social Challenges\u2019 (CC-TESC2018), St. Petersburg, Russia, 16\u201318 May 2018, EDP Sciences. SHS Web of Conferences Volume 44.","DOI":"10.1051\/shsconf\/20184400020"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-89","article-title":"LTE and IEEE 802.11p for vehicular networking: A performance evaluation","volume":"2014","author":"Mir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46134","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2853985","article-title":"Security and Privacy in Smart Cities: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Hahn, D.A., Munir, A., and Behzadan, V. (2019). Security and Privacy Issues in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Classification and Challenges. IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag., 1."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katrakazas, C., Theofilatos, A., Papastefanatos, G., H\u00e4rri, J., and Antoniou, C. (2020). Cyber Security and Its Impact on Cav Safety: Overview, Policy Needs and Challenges, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.atpp.2020.05.001"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Sanguino, T.D.J.M., Dom\u00ednguez, J.M.L., and Baptista, P.D.C. (2020). Cybersecurity Certification and Auditing of Automotive Industry, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadoon, A.K., Wang, L., Li, T., and Zia, M.A. (2018). Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques for Automotive Cybersecurity. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1640167"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"V\u00e4h\u00e4kainu, P., and Lehto, M. (March, January 28). Artificial intelligence in the cyber security environment. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security ICCWS 2019, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/338223306_Artificial_intelligence_in_the_cyber_security_environment."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giaretta, A., Dragoni, N., and Massacci, F. (2019). IoT Security Configurability with Security-by-Contract. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194121"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (2017). 5G Security Architecture White Paper, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandy, C., and Mahgoub, I. (2018, January 8\u201310). Implementation of the WAVE 1609.2 Security Services Standard and Encountered Issues and Challenges. Proceedings of the 2018 9th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON.2018.8796755"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldhaheri, S., AlGhazzawi, D.M., Cheng, L., Alzahrani, B.A., and Al-Barakati, A. (2020). DeepDCA: Novel Network-Based Detection of IoT Attacks Using Artificial Immune System. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10061909"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gordeychik, S., Nikolaev, A., and Kolegov, D. (2020, October 12). Measuring Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Implementation Security on the Internet, Project: AI Security. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/337771481_Measuring_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Machine_Learning_Implementation_Security_on_the_Internet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158126","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2948912","article-title":"Machine Learning for Security and the Internet of Things: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19293","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749422","article-title":"Security and Privacy in Fog Computing: Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, E.B., Washizaki, H., and Yoshioka, N. (2019, January 20\u201322). Abstract and IoT security patterns. Proceedings of the 8th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP\u201919), Tokio, Japan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Careem, M.A.A., and Dutta, A. (2020, January 7\u201311). Reputation based Routing in MANET using Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS), Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027450"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, V., Das, T., Badis, H., and George, L. (2019, January 18\u201320). SEBS: A Secure Element and Blockchain Stratagem for Securing IoT. Proceedings of the 2019 Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/GIIS48668.2019.9044957"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elagin, V., Spirkina, A., Levakov, A., and Belozertsev, I. (2020). Blockchain Behavioral Traffic Model as a Tool to Influence Service IT Security. Futur. Internet, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12040068"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"546","article-title":"Blockchain Security in MANETs. Open Science Index 154","volume":"13","author":"Mouchfiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Inform. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.29007\/3xbb","article-title":"Adversarial Machine Learning: Difficulties in Applying Machine Learning to Existing Cybersecurity Systems","volume":"69","author":"Rahimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"EPiC Series Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, D., and Tak, B. (2019). BlackEye: Automatic IP blacklisting using machine learning from security logs. Wirel. Netw., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02201-5"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gil, P., Martinez, J.A., and Skarmeta, A. (2020). Lightweight Data-Security Ontology for IoT. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030801"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobahary, S., Garakani, H.G., Khademzadeh, A., and Rahmani, A.M. (2019). Selfish node detection based on hierarchical game theory in IoT. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw., 2019.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1564-4"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"523","article-title":"Connected and autonomous vehicles: A cyber-risk classification framework","volume":"124","author":"Sheehan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102625","article-title":"Modeling and analyzing cyberattack effects on connected automated vehicular platoons","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/9\/4\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:20:14Z","timestamp":1760178014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/9\/4\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computers9040083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers9040083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]}}}