{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1785403818166,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U2268204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2268204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62172061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["U2268204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2268204"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62172061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172061"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023YFB3308300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3308300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024ZDZX0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZDZX0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023ZHCG0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZHCG0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021YFG0152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFG0152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cryptography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past decade, the high computational overhead of asymmetric cryptography has remained a central challenge in end-to-end secure communication systems. To mitigate the performance bottlenecks inherent in the full SM2 encryption and decryption workflow, this paper introduces ParaSM2, a parallel restructuring optimization framework tailored for SM2-based cryptographic operations. ParaSM2 exploits the observed 2:1 processing ratio between KDF and HASH to perform cross-component parallel restructuring and applies fixed-prefix reuse together with dynamic task parallelism to eliminate 39.7% of redundant KDF computations. Furthermore, a vectorized reconstruction of the HASH message extension is incorporated to leverage SIMD parallel acceleration, thereby substantially enhancing throughput. Experimental evaluations against SM4-GCM and SM4-CBC on data blocks larger than 64 KB demonstrate that ParaSM2 achieves up to a 5.1\u00d7 performance improvement on both x86 and ARM architectures, effectively reducing end-to-end latency and providing a scalable pathway for algorithmic optimization in cryptography across heterogeneous platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cryptography10030042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1782263003000},"page":"42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ParaSM2: Enhancing SM2 Cryptographic Performance via Parallel Restructuring of KDF and HASH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8412-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjuan","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Changhong Electronic Holdings Limited, Changhong (China), Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3915-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98905-0","article-title":"Low power IoT device communication through hybrid AES-RSA encryption in MRA mode","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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