{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T03:26:09Z","timestamp":1770348369342,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cryptography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional cryptographic methods often need complex designs that require substantial memory and battery power, rendering them unsuitable for small handheld devices. As the prevalence of these devices continues to rise, there is a pressing need to develop smart, memory-efficient cryptographic protocols that provide both high speed and robust security. Current solutions, primarily dependent on dynamic permutations, fall short in terms of encryption and decryption speeds, the cryptographic strength, and the memory efficiency. Consequently, the evolution of lightweight cryptographic algorithms incorporating randomised substitution properties is imperative to meet the stringent security demands of handheld devices effectively. In this paper, we present an advanced design of lightweight block ciphers that enhances traditional dynamic permutations with innovative randomised substitutions. This design utilises straightforward randomized encryption methods such as XOR, nibble swap, count ones, and left shift. The cryptographic robustness of our proposed block cipher has been rigorously tested through several standardised statistical tests, as recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These evaluations confirm that our algorithm maintains strong cryptographic properties with randomised substitutions and outperforms existing models in several key aspects. Moreover, comparative assessments reveal that our algorithm achieves a throughput of 853.31 Kbps while consuming only 1510 bytes of memory and demonstrating over 60% avalanche properties, significantly outperforming other solutions in terms of CPU utilisation and memory consumption. These results underscore the efficacy of our approach in fulfilling the advanced security requirements of modern handheld devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cryptography8040047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T04:28:43Z","timestamp":1729657723000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Next-Generation Block Ciphers: Achieving Superior Memory Efficiency and Cryptographic Robustness for IoT Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Saadia","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah School of Computing and Innovation (RSCI), Riphah International University, Lahore 46200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ijaz Ali","family":"Shoukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah School of Computing and Innovation (RSCI), Riphah International University, Lahore 46200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE Federal Government, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box. 25026, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Murtaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5220-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmajeed M.","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8918-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Chi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Library and Information Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24206, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Taj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6077","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02782-6","article-title":"Design, analysis, and implementation of a new lightweight block cipher for protecting IoT smart devices","volume":"14","author":"Ragab","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2023.102090","article-title":"HDLBC: A lightweight block cipher with high diffusion","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bogdanov, A., Knudsen, L.R., Leander, G., Paar, C., and Poschmann, A. (2007, January 10\u201313). PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher. 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