{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:28:25Z","timestamp":1783423705964,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cryptography"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the integration of quantum hardware-assisted security into critical applications, including the Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT), Smart Grid, and Smart Transportation. The Quantum Physical Unclonable Functions (QPUF) architecture has emerged as a robust security paradigm, harnessing the inherent randomness of quantum hardware to generate unique and tamper-resistant cryptographic fingerprints. This work explores the potential of Quantum Computing for Security-by-Design (SbD) in the Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT), aiming to establish security as a fundamental and inherent feature. SbD in Quantum Computing focuses on ensuring the security and privacy of Quantum computing applications by leveraging the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, which underpin the quantum computing infrastructure. This research presents a scalable and sustainable security framework for the trusted attestation of smart industrial entities in Quantum Industrial Internet-of-Things (QIoT) applications within Industry 4.0. Central to this approach is the QPUF, which leverages quantum mechanical principles to generate unique, tamper-resistant fingerprints. The proposed QPUF circuit logic has been deployed on IBM quantum systems and simulators for validation. The experimental results demonstrate the enhanced randomness and an intra-hamming distance of approximately 50% on the IBM quantum hardware, along with improved reliability despite varying error rates, coherence, and decoherence times. Furthermore, the circuit achieved 100% reliability on Google\u2019s Cirq simulator and 95% reliability on IBM\u2019s quantum simulator, highlighting the QPUF\u2019s potential in advancing quantum-centric security solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cryptography9020034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["QPUF: Quantum Physical Unclonable Functions for Security-by-Design of Industrial Internet-of-Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkata K. V. V.","family":"Bathalapalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2959-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saraju P.","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9161-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Kougianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2018.2851741","article-title":"A Computing Perspective of Quantum Cryptography [Energy and Security]","volume":"7","author":"Nanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. 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