{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:07:42Z","timestamp":1760058462396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune fitness is defined as the capacity of the body to respond to health challenges (such as infections) by activating an appropriate immune response to promote health and prevent and resolve disease, which is essential for improving quality of life. Thus, immune fitness plays an essential role in health, and reduced immune fitness may be an important signal of increased susceptibility for disease. Lifestyle factors such as increased levels of alcohol consumption have been shown to negatively impact immune fitness. The alcohol hangover is the most frequently reported negative consequence of alcohol consumption and is defined as the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms, which can be experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption, starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero. Significant correlations have been reported between hangover severity and both immune fitness and biomarkers of systemic inflammation. The concepts of immune fitness and alcohol hangover are further linked by the fact that the inflammatory response to alcohol consumption plays an important role in the pathology of the alcohol hangover. Moreover, immune fitness has been related to the susceptibility of experiencing hangovers per se. It is therefore important to investigate the interrelationship between immune fitness and the alcohol hangover, and to identify possible predictor variables of both constructs. This data descriptor article describes a study that was conducted with adults living in the UK or Ireland, evaluating possible correlates and predictors of immune fitness and the alcohol hangover. Data on mood, personality, mental resilience, pain catastrophizing, and sleep were collected from n = 1178 participants through an online survey. Herein, the survey and corresponding dataset are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data10040049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1743572613000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Immune Fitness and the Alcohol Hangover: Survey Data from UK and Irish Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris C.","family":"Verster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"},{"name":"Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8909-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen N.","family":"Zijlstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benthe R. C. van der","family":"Weij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9184-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne S.","family":"Boogaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6988-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne E.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Balikji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8544-9066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3350-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry H.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans\u2019 Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon B.","family":"Sherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Garssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2593-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3178-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia E.","family":"Devenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010022","article-title":"The assessment of immune fitness","volume":"12","author":"Verster","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031761","article-title":"Reduced immune fitness: Related absenteeism from work, presenteeism, and estimated costs for the Dutch economy","volume":"20","author":"Sips","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.009","article-title":"The compelling link between physical activity and the body\u2019s defense system","volume":"8","author":"Nieman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2018","article-title":"The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease","volume":"99","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2022.100306","article-title":"A healthier diet is associated with greater immune fitness","volume":"21","author":"Mulder","year":"2022","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo, A., Severeijns, N.R., Benson, S., Scholey, A., Garssen, J., Bruce, G., and Verster, J.C. (2021). Mood and changes in alcohol consumption in young adults during COVID-19 lockdown: A model explaining associations with perceived immune fitness and experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910028"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verster, J.C., Scholey, A., van de Loo, A.J.A.E., Benson, S., and Stock, A.-K. (2020). Updating the definition of the alcohol hangover. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030823"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alford, C., Broom, C., Carver, H., Johnson, S.J., Reece, R., Lands, S., and Verster, J.C. (2020). The impact of alcohol hangover on simulated driving performance during a \u2018commute to work\u2019\u2014Zero and residual alcohol effects compared. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051435"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, A. (2019). Financial Headache. The Cost of Workplace Hangovers and Intoxication to the UK Economy, IAS. Available online: http:\/\/www.ias.org.uk\/uploads\/pdf\/IAS%20reports\/rp35062019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Loo, A.J.A.E., Mackus, M., Kwon, O., Krishnakumar, I., Garssen, J., Kraneveld, A.D., Scholey, A., and Verster, J.C. (2020). The inflammatory response to alcohol consumption and its role in the pathology of alcohol hangover. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072081"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2003.09.003","article-title":"Effects of alcohol hangover on cytokine production in healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo, A., Mackus, M., Van de Loo, A.J.A.E., Van Neer, R.H.P., Vermeulen, S.A., Thijssen, S., Knipping, K., Bruce, G., Garssen, J., and Verster, J.C. (Addict. Behav., 2023). An evening of heavy alcohol consumption negatively impacts next-day immune fitness in both hangover-sensitive drinkers and hangover-resistant drinkers, Addict. Behav., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107776"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S332853","article-title":"Living alone or together during lockdown: Association with mood, immune fitness and experiencing COVID-19 symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, A.J., Merlo, A., Mackus, M., Bruce, G., Johnson, S.J., Alford, C., Sherry, S.B., Stewart, S.H., and Verster, J.C. (2023). Depression, anxiety, and stress among hangover sensitive and hangover resistant drinkers. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082766"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verster, J.C., Arnoldy, L., van de Loo, A.J.A.E., Benson, S., Scholey, A., and Stock, A.-K. (2020). The impact of mood and subjective intoxication on hangover severity. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082462"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.07.001","article-title":"The Substance Use Risk Profile Scale: A scale measuring traits linked to reinforcement-specific substance use profiles","volume":"34","author":"Woicik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","article-title":"Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German","volume":"41","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1981.42.998","article-title":"Negative affect, alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms among normal drinkers in a small community","volume":"42","author":"Harburg","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90017-U","article-title":"Psychosocial factors, alcohol use, and hangover signs among social drinkers: A reappraisal","volume":"46","author":"Harburg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terpstra, C., Verster, J.C., Scholey, A., and Benson, S. (2022). Associations between mental resilience, mood, coping, personality, and hangover severity. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082240"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verster, J.C., Donders, J.A., Boogaard, A.S., and Bruce, G. (2023). Predictors of hangover frequency and severity: The impact of alcohol consumption, mental resilience, personality, lifestyle, coping and mood. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113811"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S130432","article-title":"Mental resilience, perceived immune functioning, and health","volume":"10","author":"Otten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx107","article-title":"Susceptibility to alcohol hangovers: Not just a matter of being resilient","volume":"53","author":"Mackus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Loo, A.J.A.E., van Schrojenstein Lantman, M., Mackus, M., Scholey, A., and Verster, J.C. (2018). Impact of mental resilience and perceived immune functioning on the severity of alcohol hangover. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3659-0"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","article-title":"The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Davidson, J.R.T. (2025, March 29). Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) Manual. Available online: www.cd-risc.com."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.12.002","article-title":"Mind-body interactions in pain: The neurophysiology of anxious and catastrophic pain-related thoughts","volume":"153","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szabo, Y.Z., Burns, C.M., and Lantrip, C. (2022). Understanding associations between rumination and inflammation: A scoping review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104523"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royle, S., Owen, L., Roberts, D., and Marrow, L. (2020). Pain catastrophising predicts alcohol hangover severity and symptoms. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010280"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, H.M., Sips, A.S.M., Owen, L.J., and Verster, J.C. (2021). The relationship between pain sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, and hangover severity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042047"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721607","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/721607","article-title":"Perceived immune status and sleep: A survey among Dutch students","volume":"2015","author":"Donners","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.406","article-title":"Effects of heavy drinking by maritime academy cadets on hangover, perceived sleep, and next-day ship power plant operation","volume":"67","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01116.x","article-title":"Intoxication with bourbon versus vodka: Effects on hangover, sleep, and next-day neurocognitive performance in young adults","volume":"34","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.008","article-title":"Effects of caffeinated vs. non-caffeinated alcoholic beverage on next-day hangover incidence and severity, perceived sleep quality, and alertness","volume":"39","author":"Rohsenow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S136467","article-title":"Total sleep time, alcohol consumption and the duration and severity of alcohol hangover","volume":"9","author":"Mackus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-017-0008-7","article-title":"Alcohol hangover, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness","volume":"1","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Vigil."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devenney, L.E., Coyle, K.B., Roth, T., and Verster, J.C. (2019). Sleep after heavy alcohol consumption and physical activity levels during alcohol hangover. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050752"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayre, E., Scholey, A., White, D., Devilly, G., Kaufman, J., Verster, J.C., Allen, C., and Benson, S. (2021). The relationship between alcohol hangover severity, sleep and cognitive performance; a naturalistic study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235691"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2024.100792","article-title":"Sex and age differences in self-reported immune fitness","volume":"38","author":"Mulder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000245705.69440.6a","article-title":"Gender differences in sleep disorders","volume":"12","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234743","article-title":"Development and validation of the Immune Status Questionnaire (ISQ)","volume":"16","author":"Mackus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.5505\/ejm.2022.93764","article-title":"The psychometric evaluation of the immune status questionnaire in Indonesia","volume":"27","author":"Maulana","year":"2022","journal-title":"East. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"183","article-title":"The use of single-item ratings versus traditional multiple-item questionnaires to assess mood and health","volume":"11","author":"Verster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15280","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of single-item assessments of immune fitness, mood and quality of life","volume":"9","author":"Verster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/s15402010bsm0304_4","article-title":"Initial validation of the SLEEP-50 questionnaire","volume":"3","author":"Spoormaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241","article-title":"Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual","volume":"52","author":"Gillberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.05.003","article-title":"Development and validation of a daily pain catastrophizing scale","volume":"18","author":"Darnall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175217","article-title":"Single-item assessment of Quality of Life: Scale validation and associations with mood and health outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Verster","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.07.008","article-title":"Effects of mixing alcohol with caffeinated beverages on subjective intoxication: A critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Benson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verster, J.C., van de Loo, A.J.A.E., Benson, S., Scholey, A., and Stock, A.-K. (2020). The assessment of overall hangover severity. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030786"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"UK National Health Services (NHS) (2023, August 23). Health Survey for England, 2021 Part 1. Available online: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/health-survey-for-england\/2021\/part-4-trends."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Fraud Detection (2024, September 12). Qualtrics 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/support\/survey-platform\/survey-module\/survey-checker\/fraud-detection\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Qualtrics (2025, January 30). Margin of Error Guide & Calculator. Available online: https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/experience-management\/research\/margin-of-error\/."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/4\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:08:03Z","timestamp":1760029683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/4\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["data10040049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data10040049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}