{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:04:54Z","timestamp":1778259894064,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-quality, openly accessible clinical datasets remain a significant bottleneck in advancing both research and clinical applications within medical artificial intelligence. Case reports, often rich in multimodal clinical data, represent an underutilized resource for developing medical AI applications. We present an enhanced version of MultiCaRe, a dataset derived from open-access case reports on PubMed Central. This new version addresses the limitations identified in the previous release and incorporates newly added clinical cases and images (totaling 93,816 and 130,791, respectively), along with a refined hierarchical taxonomy featuring over 140 categories. Image labels have been meticulously curated using a combination of manual and machine learning-based label generation and validation, ensuring a higher quality for image classification tasks and the fine-tuning of multimodal models. To facilitate its use, we also provide a Python package for dataset manipulation, pretrained models for medical image classification, and two dedicated websites. The updated MultiCaRe dataset expands the resources available for multimodal AI research in medicine. Its scale, quality, and accessibility make it a valuable tool for developing medical AI systems, as well as for educational purposes in clinical and computational fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data10080123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Open-Source Clinical Case Dataset for Medical Image Classification and Multimodal AI Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Nievas Offidani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Facundo","family":"Roffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3075-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Carolina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Galtier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Bialet Mass\u00e9 5158, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Massiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Delrieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bah\u00eda Blanca 8000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, L., Yu, L., Chen, H., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Xu, J., and Heng, P.A. (2020). Deep Mining External Imperfect Data for Chest X-ray Disease Screening. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3000949"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Lu, Z., Bagheri, M., and Summers, R.M. (2017, January 21\u201326). ChestX-ray8: Hospital-scale Chest X-ray Database and Benchmarks on Weakly-Supervised Classification and Localization of Common Thorax Diseases. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.369"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00622-y","article-title":"HyperKvasir, a comprehensive multi-class image and video dataset for gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"7","author":"Borgli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac226","article-title":"Improving the Computer-Aided Estimation of Ulcerative Colitis Severity According to Mayo Endoscopic Score by Using Regression-Based Deep Learning","volume":"29","author":"Polat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03387-w","article-title":"BCN20000: Dermoscopic Lesions in the Wild","volume":"11","author":"Combalia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180161","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.161","article-title":"The HAM10000 dataset, a large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions","volume":"5","author":"Tschandl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap, M.H., Cassidy, B., Pappachan, J.M., O\u2019Shea, C., Gillespie, D., and Reeves, N. (2021, January 27\u201330). Analysis Towards Classification of Infection and Ischaemia of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI50953.2021.9508563"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102485","article-title":"DigestPath: A benchmark dataset with challenge review for the pathological detection and segmentation of digestive-system","volume":"80","author":"Da","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koziarski, M., Cyganek, B., Niedziela, P., Olborski, B., Antosz, Z., \u017bydak, M., Kwolek, B., W\u0105sowicz, P., Buka\u0142a, A., and Swad\u017aba, J. (2024). DiagSet: A dataset for prostate cancer histopathological image classification. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52183-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maksoud, S., Zhao, K., Hobson, P., Jennings, A., and Lovell, B. (2020, January 13\u201319). SOS: Selective Objective Switch for Rapid Immunofluorescence Whole Slide Image Classification. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00392"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Phoulady, H.A., and Mouton, P.R. (2018). A New Cervical Cytology Dataset for Nucleus Detection and Image Classification (Cervix93) and Methods for Cervical Nucleus Detection. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01721-8","article-title":"MedMNIST v2 - A large-scale lightweight benchmark for 2D and 3D biomedical image classification","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Abacha, A.B., Sarrouti, M., Demner-Fushman, D., Hasan, S.A., and M\u00fcller, H. (2021, January 21\u201324). Overview of the VQA-Med Task at ImageCLEF 2021: Visual Question Answering and Generation in the Medical Domain. Proceedings of the CLEF 2021 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum-Working Notes, Bucharest, Romania."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Gui, C., Ouyang, R., Gao, A., Chen, S., Chen, G.H., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Cai, Z., and Ji, K. (2024). HuatuoGPT-Vision, Towards Injecting Medical Visual Knowledge into Multimodal LLMs at Scale. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.418"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Zhang, Y., Mou, L., Xing, E., and Xie, P. (2020). PathVQA: 30000+ Questions for Medical Visual Question Answering. arXiv.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.13127537"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ikezogwo, W.O., Seyfioglu, M.S., Ghezloo, F., Geva, D.S.C., Mohammed, F.S., Anand, P.K., Krishna, R., and Shapiro, L. (2023). Quilt-1M: One Million Image-Text Pairs for Histopathology. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01185-7","article-title":"Hidden flaws behind expert-level accuracy of multimodal GPT-4 vision in medicine","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180251","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.251","article-title":"A dataset of clinically generated visual questions and answers about radiology images","volume":"5","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Zhao, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., and Xie, W. (2023). PMC-CLIP: Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training using Biomedical Documents. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43993-3_51"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhan, L.M., Xu, L., Ma, L., Yang, Y., and Wu, X.M. (2021). SLAKE: A Semantically-Labeled Knowledge-Enhanced Dataset for Medical Visual Question Answering. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI48211.2021.9434010"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, J., Chen, S., Placino, S., Li, Y., Pardo, J.C.C., Idan, D., Tohyama, T., Restrepo, D., Nakayama, L.F., and Pascual-Leone, J.M.M. (2024). WorldMedQA-V: A multilingual, multimodal medical examination dataset for multimodal language models evaluation. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-naacl.402"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03496-6","article-title":"ROCOv2: Radiology Objects in COntext Version 2, an Updated Multimodal Image Dataset","volume":"11","author":"Bloch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siragusa, I., Contino, S., Ciura, M.L., Alicata, R., and Pirrone, R. (2024). MedPix 2.0: A Comprehensive Multimodal Biomedical Dataset for Advanced AI Applications. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41019-025-00297-8"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhou, C., Gao, L., Wu, J., Li, X., Zhou, H.Y., Liu, S., Xing, L., Zou, J., and Xie, C. (2024). MedTrinity-25M: A Large-scale Multimodal Dataset with Multigranular Annotations for Medicine. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M. (2025, July 29). MultiCaRe: An Open-Source Clinical Case Dataset for Medical Image Classification and Multimodal AI Applications. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/14994046."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2023.110008","article-title":"Dataset of clinical cases, images, image labels and captions from open access case reports from PubMed Central (1990\u20132023)","volume":"52","author":"Delrieux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M.A. (2025, July 29). MultiCaRe_Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/mauro-nievoff\/MultiCaRe_Dataset."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.355.27416","article-title":"Concomitant in situ and in transit right heart thrombi: A case report","volume":"37","author":"Belharty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Li, C., Wong, C., Zhang, S., Usuyama, N., Liu, H., Yang, J., Naumann, T., Poon, H., and Gao, J. (2023). LLaVA-Med: Training a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Biomedicine in One Day. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Xu, Y., Usuyama, N., Xu, H., Bagga, J., Tinn, R., Preston, S., Rao, R., Wei, M., and Valluri, N. (2024). BiomedCLIP: A multimodal biomedical foundation model pretrained from fifteen million scientific image-text pairs. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2400640"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wu, C., Zhao, Z., Lin, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., and Xie, W. (2024). PMC-VQA: Visual Instruction Tuning for Medical Visual Question Answering. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02814-8","article-title":"A large-scale dataset of patient summaries for retrieval-based clinical decision support systems","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, S., Wang, L.L., Mehta, S., Bogin, B., Zuylen, M.v., Parasa, S., Singh, S., Gardner, M., and Hajishirzi, H. (2020). MedICaT: A Dataset of Medical Images, Captions, and Textual References. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.191"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissen, T., and Wynn, R. (2014). The clinical case report: A review of its merits and limitations. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-264"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M. (2025, July 29). Multiversity Package. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/mauro-nievoff\/MultiCaRe_Dataset\/tree\/main\/multiversity_library\/multiversity\/multiversity."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp163","article-title":"Biopython: Freely available Python tools for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics","volume":"25","author":"Cock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Reitz, K. (2025, July 29). Requests: HTTP for Humans. Available online: https:\/\/docs.python-requests.org\/en\/latest\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Richardson, L. (2025, July 29). Beautiful Soup Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.crummy.com\/software\/BeautifulSoup\/bs4\/doc\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz070","article-title":"PMC text mining subset in BioC: About three million full-text articles and growing","volume":"35","author":"Comeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Europe PMC Consortium (2015). Europe PMC: A full-text literature database for the life sciences and platform for innovation. Nucleic Acids Res., 43, D1042\u2013D1048.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1061"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"120","article-title":"The OpenCV Library","volume":"25","author":"Bradski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Softw. Tools"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/2156-7514.150449","article-title":"Bilateral renal lymphangiectasia: Radiological findings by ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"5","author":"Elbanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Imaging Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Structural Informatics Group (2025, July 29). Foundational Model of Anatomy. Available online: http:\/\/sig.biostr.washington.edu\/projects\/fm\/AboutFM.html."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine Medical (2024). Medical Subject Headings, U.S. National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Radiological Society of North America (2025, July 29). RadLex Radiology Lexicon. Available online: https:\/\/www.rsna.org\/practice-tools\/data-tools-and-standards\/radlex-radiology-lexicon."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Center for Biomedical Ontology (2025, July 29). BioPortal. Available online: https:\/\/bioportal.bioontology.org\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Snomed International (2025, July 29). SNOMED CT. Available online: https:\/\/www.snomed.org\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M.A., Roffet, F., Delrieux, C.A., Gonz\u00e1lez Galtier, M.C., and Zarate, M.D. (2025). The Multiplex Classification Framework: Optimizing Multi-Label Classifiers Through Problem Transformation, Ontology Engineering, and Model Ensembling. Appl. Ontol.","DOI":"10.1177\/15705838251340362"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M. (2025, July 29). MCR_TX Taxonomy. Available online: https:\/\/bioportal.bioontology.org\/ontologies\/MCR_TX."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M. (2025, July 29). ML_MCR_TX Taxonomy. Available online: https:\/\/bioportal.bioontology.org\/ontologies\/ML_MCR_TX."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarfati, A., Martucci, C., Crocoli, A., Serra, A., Persano, G., and Inserra, A. (2023). Chemotherapy-induced cavitating Wilms\u2019 tumor pulmonary metastasis: Active disease or scarring? A case report and literature review. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1083168"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdad014","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad014","article-title":"Metastatic high-grade meningioma: A case report and review of risk factors for metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Bailey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01726","article-title":"A rare case of an immunocompetent patient with isolated pulmonary mucormycosis","volume":"31","author":"Rouientan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1764376","article-title":"Idiopathic Isolated Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Rare Case Report","volume":"13","author":"Mohanty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.143364","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and arachnoiditis presented as an acute spinal disorder","volume":"5","author":"Idris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e77097","article-title":"Midventricular Obstruction With Diastolic Paradoxic Jet Flow in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Case Report","volume":"17","author":"Nishiki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-013-0558-0","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and prolonged hypoperfusion lesions in an infant with respiratory syncytial virus encephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230713","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0713","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pancreatitis: What is known and what is not","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Feng, L., Huang, X., Hu, B., and Yuan, Y. (2023). Case report: An elderly woman with recurrent syncope after pacemaker implantation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1117244"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputo, R., Pagliuca, M., Pensabene, M., Parola, S., and De Laurentiis, M. (2023). Long-term complete response with third-line PARP inhibitor after immunotherapy in a patient with triple-negative breast cancer: A case report. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1214660"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Liu, H., Chen, J., and He, X. (2023). Case report: Echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac involvement caused by congenital generalized lipodystrophy in an infant. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1087833"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e53120","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Revision of Luque Plate Instrumentation: A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Derman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-1-3","article-title":"Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor of the mandible: Review of the literature and report of a rare case","volume":"1","author":"Handschel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1082","article-title":"Surgical Repositioning of a Dilacerated Impacted Incisor","volume":"4","author":"Adlakha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251122211248","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405619666221125103107","article-title":"Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis of the Left Acetabulum: A Case Report","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Med Imaging Former. Curr. Med Imaging Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.Y., Wang, Y.W., Zhang, W., and Zhang, B.X. (2023). Case Report: Solitary metastasis to the appendix after curative treatment of HCC. Front. Surg., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1081326"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Dong, B., Xue, Y., Wang, Y., Yan, J., and Xu, L. (2023). Case report: A case of Culler-Jones syndrome caused by a novel mutation of GLI2 gene and literature review. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1133492"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, J.T., Torres, D., Robinson, A., Malone, C., Vera, J.C., Daghighi, S., Dunn-Pirio, A., Khoromi, S., Nowell, J., and L\u00e9ger, G.C. (2023). Case report: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease presenting with acute encephalopathy. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1184612"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e52996","article-title":"Use of a Trephine to Extract a Fractured Corail Femoral Stem During Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: Tips From Our Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan, W., Wang, Z., Lin, J., Zou, L., Xu, X., Yang, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Q., and Xu, X. (2023). Case report: Aggressive progression of acute heart failure due to juvenile tuberculosis-associated Takayasu arteritis with aortic stenosis and thrombosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1076118"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-018-0211-1","article-title":"Post-infectious ankylosis of the cervical spine in an army veteran: A case report","volume":"26","author":"Cupler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chiropr. Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, S., Song, J., Zhang, K., Wang, J., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., Li, P., Zong, Y., and Wu, Y. (2023). Case report: Coexistence of sigmoid tumor with unusual pathological features and multiple colorectal neuroendocrine tumors with lymph node metastases. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1073234"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25664","DOI":"10.3402\/ecrj.v1.25664","article-title":"An obstructing endobronchial lipoma simulating COPD","volume":"1","author":"Sivapalan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-3-70","article-title":"Post-ERCP pancreatogastric fistula associated with an intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas\u2014A case report and literature review","volume":"3","author":"Koizumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-12","article-title":"A 49-year-old woman presenting with hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Sekino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohbot, Y., Garot, J., Danjon, I., Th\u00e9bert, D., Nahory, L., Gros, P., Salerno, F., and Garot, P. (2023). Case report: Diagnosis, management and evolution of a bulky and invasive cardiac mass complicated by complete atrioventricular block. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1135233"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230737","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0737","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics and diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome caused by Tusanqi\u2013Case report and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.66693","article-title":"Cytological diagnosis of a rare case of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas","volume":"27","author":"Pailoor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cytol.\/Indian Acad. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Dong, L., Yu, L., and Huang, J. (2023). Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy coexistent with reversible splenial lesion syndrome: A case report and literature review. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1192118"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, W., Qu, Y., Hou, T., Zhang, J., Li, Q., Yang, L., Cao, L., Li, J., and Zhang, S. (2023). Case report: Surgical treatment of a primary giant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the spine with total en-bloc spondylectomy. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1109643"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanna, R.M., Tran, N.T., Patel, S.S., Hou, J., Jhaveri, K.D., Parikh, R., Selamet, U., Ghobry, L., Wassef, O., and Barsoum, M. (2020). Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Acute Kidney Injury Induced After Intravitreal Injection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors VEGF Blockade-Related TMA After Intravitreal Use. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.579603"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchard, G.E. (2023). Gout With Associated Cutaneous AA Amyloidosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 80.","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2023.11442"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-018-0054-5","article-title":"Corynebacteria as a cause of pulmonary infection: A case series and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., and Wang, K. (2023). Multimodal imaging features of primary pericardial synovial sarcoma: A case report. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1181778"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"100382","article-title":"A case series of therapy-related leukemias: A deadly ricochet","volume":"20","author":"Juthani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leuk. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-5-11","article-title":"Pulmonary carcinosarcoma initially presenting as invasive aspergillosis: A case report of previously unreported combination","volume":"5","author":"Olobatoke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.C., Suresh, M., Jaber, M., Mercado Munoz, Y., and Sarafoglou, K. (2023). Case Report: Anastrozole as a monotherapy for pre-pubertal children with non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1101843"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Xia, G., Luo, Y., Cai, Y., Huang, Y., Yang, Z., Yang, Q., and Yang, B. (2023). Case report: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation with optimal medical treatment for lethal ventricular arrhythmia caused by recurrent coronary artery spasm due to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1145075"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, Y., Li, F., Song, Z., Yi, Z., Yang, C., Xue, J., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Two pediatric patients with hemiplegic migraine presenting as acute encephalopathy: Case reports and a literature review. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1214837"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2120114","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.26.6.e2120114.oar","article-title":"Maxillary protraction and vertical control utilizing skeletal anchorage for midfacial-maxillary deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2018.10.032","article-title":"Facial cutaneous lesions of dental origin: A case series emphasizing the awareness of the entity and its medico-legal consequences","volume":"53","author":"Almotairi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-4-7","article-title":"Partial-thickness macular hole in vitreomacular traction syndrome: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.22.47.7864","article-title":"An uncommon cause of progressive visual loss in a heavy smoker","volume":"22","author":"Koufakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med J."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"229","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept for choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks in a non-responder to intravitreal ranibizumab","volume":"11","author":"Makri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Med Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.58475","article-title":"Coin-shaped epithelial lesions following an acute attack of erythema multiforme minor with confocal microscopy findings","volume":"58","author":"Babu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Nievas Offidani, M., and Roffet, F. (2025, July 29). MultiCaReClassifier. Available online: https:\/\/huggingface.co\/mauro-nievoff\/MultiCaReClassifier."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., and Sun, J. (2016, January 27\u201330). Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Torchvision Maintainers and Contributors (2025, July 29). M.N.O.: The Correct Name Is Torchvision Maintainers and Contributors. TorchVision: PyTorch\u2019s Computer Vision Library. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/pytorch\/vision."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buslaev, A., Iglovikov, V.I., Khvedchenya, E., Parinov, A., Druzhinin, M., and Kalinin, A.A. (2020). Albumentations: Fast and Flexible Image Augmentations. Information, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/info11020125"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, J., and Gugger, S. (2020). Fastai: A Layered API for Deep Learning. Information, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/info11020108"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Gonzalez Galtier, M.C., Nievas Offidani, M.A., and Massiris, M. (2025, July 29). Clinical Case Hub. Available online: https:\/\/clinical-cases.streamlit.app\/."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Galtier, M.C., and Nievas Offidani, M.A. (2025, July 29). Digital Twin Retriever. Available online: https:\/\/digital-twin-retriever.streamlit.app\/."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"A4242","article-title":"International or national publication of case reports","volume":"58","author":"Lundh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dan. Med Bull."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/8\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:43Z","timestamp":1760033983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/8\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["data10080123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data10080123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}}}