{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:41:33Z","timestamp":1760456493539,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State of Idaho through IGEM-HERC","award":["IGEM25-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGEM25-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hollow heart, and other crop defects, can be devastating to farmers. Hollow heart is not a disease but a physiological disorder affected by temperature, soil moisture, plant density, and other factors. These defects can cause substantial annual losses for farmers. Currently, potatoes are shipped and inspected from producers to shipping points and markets. At these facilities, samples are inspected for defects. Detection of hollow heart consists of halving potatoes and visually inspecting for defects. The defect size is compared to USDA hollow heart classification charts for acceptance or rejection. An automatic, non-destructive system to identify hollow heart has the potential to improve quality. Two methods have been developed to collect data for such a system: acoustic signal capture and visual\/vibration signal capture. Data is collected and stored for one potato at a time. The procedure includes the collection of weight, proportional size, and volume, as well as the generation of an acoustic sound signal through a drop test and a motion signal captured through a vision system. To simulate hollow heart, potatoes are cored and retested by producing a new set of data. Each potato is manually cut and inspected for true hollow heart. The generated data includes over 1000 samples, each comprising proportional volume, weight, proportional size, motion, and acoustic data. Such a dataset does not exist in the current literature and can serve for the development of machine learning algorithms to detect hollow heart nondestructively. In this paper, the data is also analyzed in terms of its statistical properties, as applied for possible feature engineering in machine learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data10100163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:34:15Z","timestamp":1760452455000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Data Analysis of Non-Destructive Testing for Hollow Heart in Potatoes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Hofle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Measurement & Control Engineering (MMCE), Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nusrat","family":"Farheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Measurement & Control Engineering (MMCE), Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew Zachary","family":"Shumway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Measurement & Control Engineering (MMCE), Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0301-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan D.","family":"Mosher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Measurement & Control Engineering (MMCE), Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keyave C.","family":"Hone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Measurement & Control Engineering (MMCE), Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco P.","family":"Schoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Measurement & Control Engineering (MMCE), Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1985","article-title":"A Review of Techniques for Detecting Hollow Heart In Potatoes","volume":"27","author":"Watts","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017). Index of Official Visual Aids for Potatoes (POT-L-1), USDA. SCI Division Inspection Series Crops Inspection Division."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"USDA (2012). Potatoes\u2014Shipping Point and Market Inspection Instructions, USDA."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, March 19). AGPROUD.com. Available online: https:\/\/www.agproud.com\/articles\/58402-idaho-annual-potato-summary-2022."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2025, March 22). AGPROUD.com. Available online: https:\/\/www.agproud.com\/articles\/60785-the-financial-condition-of-idaho-agriculture-2024."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Karimi, R., Aboonajmi, M., and Hasanbeygi, S.R. (2018, January 4\u20135). Detection Of Hollow Heart In Potatoes Using Sound Signal Processing. Proceedings of the 5th Iranian International NDT Conference, Tehran, Iran. IRNDT 2018."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2008.02.009","article-title":"An acoustic impact method to detect hollow heart of potato tubers","volume":"100","author":"Elbatawi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Oppenheim, A.V., Schafer, R.W., and Buck, J.R. (2010). Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Pearson. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e005","article-title":"Advances on the formation and detection of hollow heart in vegetable crops","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Veg. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Cohen, L. (1995). Time-Frequency Analysis: Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall PTR. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Time_frequency_Analysis.html?id=CSKLQgAACAAJ."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/10\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:10:29Z","timestamp":1760454629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/10\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["data10100163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data10100163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}}}