{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:48:28Z","timestamp":1761094108179,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2023-04735","DGECR-2021-00447","RGPIN-2021-04120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-04735","DGECR-2021-00447","RGPIN-2021-04120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the critical importance of biomedical databases like MEDLINE, users are often hampered by search tools with stagnant designs that fail to support complex exploratory tasks. To address this limitation, we synthesized research from visual analytics and related fields to propose a new design framework for non-traditional search interfaces. This framework was built upon seven core principle: visualization, interaction, machine learning, ontology, triaging, progressive disclosure, and evolutionary design. For each principle, we detail its rationale and demonstrate how its integration can transcend the limitations of conventional search tools. We contend that by leveraging this framework, designers can create more powerful and effective search tools that empower users to navigate complex information landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data10100167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:17:35Z","timestamp":1761056255000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the List: A Framework for the Design of Next-Generation MEDLINE Search Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2455-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Zhurov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, Room 355, Middlesex College, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Sedig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, Room 355, Middlesex College, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Information and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, FIMS & Nursing Building, Room 2050, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, Room 355, Middlesex College, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, June 06). MEDLINE, Available online: https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medline\/medline_home.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, June 06). PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, E., Blaha, L.M., Franklin, L., and Endert, A. (2017, January 3\u20136). Warning, Bias May Occur: A Proposed Approach to Detecting Cognitive Bias in Interactive Visual Analytics. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2017.8585669"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23961","article-title":"Collaborative Exploratory Search for Information Filtering and Large-Scale Information Triage","volume":"69","author":"Herceg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Q., Leaman, R., and Lu, Z. (2024). PubMed and Beyond: Biomedical Literature Search in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. eBioMedicine, 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.104988"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6918","DOI":"10.2196\/medinform.6918","article-title":"Ontology-Driven Search and Triage: Design of a Web-Based Visual Interface for MEDLINE","volume":"5","author":"Demelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"561","article-title":"Development of an Efficient Search Filter to Retrieve Systematic Reviews from PubMed","volume":"109","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"bap018","article-title":"Understanding PubMed\u00ae User Search Behavior Through Log Analysis","volume":"2009","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.003","article-title":"Google Versus PubMed: Comparison of Google and PubMed\u2019s Search Tools for Answering Clinical Questions in the Emergency Department","volume":"75","author":"Morshed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1378","article-title":"Which Academic Search Systems Are Suitable for Systematic Reviews or Meta-Analyses? Evaluating Retrieval Qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 Other Resources","volume":"11","author":"Gusenbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demelo, J., and Sedig, K. (2021). Interfaces for Searching and Triaging Large Document Sets: An Ontology-Supported Visual Analytics Approach. Information, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/info13010008"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demelo, J., and Sedig, K. (2021). Design of Generalized Search Interfaces for Health Informatics. Information, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/info12080317"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81555","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923736","article-title":"Visual Analytics: A Comprehensive Overview","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2598465","article-title":"Nameclarifier: A Visual Analytics System for Author Name Disambiguation","volume":"23","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00287-7","article-title":"An Open Source Machine Learning Framework for Efficient and Transparent Systematic Reviews","volume":"3","author":"Schram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3219762","article-title":"DocFlow: A Visual Analytics System for Question-Based Document Retrieval and Categorization","volume":"30","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-C., Lee, B.J., Park, C., Song, H., Ock, C.-Y., Sung, H., Woo, S., Youn, Y., Jung, K., and Jung, J.H. (2023). Efficacy Improvement in Searching MEDLINE Database Using a Novel PubMed Visual Analytic System: EEEvis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281422"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0543-2","article-title":"Building a PubMed Knowledge Graph","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Yuan, H., Wang, S., Liu, J., Liu, W., Deng, C., Chen, H., Liu, Z., Dou, Z., and Wen, J.-R. (2023). Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: A Survey. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell-Rose, T., and Shokraneh, F. (2020). Designing the Structured Search Experience: Rethinking the Query-Builder Paradigm. Weav. J. Libr. User Exp., 3.","DOI":"10.3998\/weave.12535642.0003.102"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsche, M., and N\u00fcrnberger, A. (2013). QUEST: Querying Complex Information by Direct Manipulation. Human Interface and the Management of Information: Information and Interaction Design, 15th International Conference, HCI International 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21\u201326, 2013, Proceedings, Part I, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39209-2_28"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowell, L.T., France, R.K., Hix, D., Heath, L.S., and Fox, E.A. (1996, January 18\u201322). Visualizing Search Results: Some Alternatives to Query-Document Similarity. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/243199.243214"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peltonen, J., Belorustceva, K., and Ruotsalo, T. (2017, January 13\u201316). Topic-Relevance Map: Visualization for Improving Search Result Comprehension. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025171.3025223"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.111","article-title":"A Novel Visualization Model for Web Search Results","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heimerl, F., Lohmann, S., Lange, S., and Ertl, T. (2014, January 6\u20139). Word Cloud Explorer: Text Analytics Based on Word Clouds. Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.231"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.12.042","article-title":"Extractive Single-Document Summarization Based on Genetic Operators and Guided Local Search","volume":"41","author":"Mendoza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hearst, M.A. (1995, January 7\u201311). Tilebars: Visualization of Term Distribution Information in Full Text Information Access. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223912"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888907001233","article-title":"The Usability of Semantic Search Tools: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Uren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knowl. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"McCallum, A., Nigam, K., Rennie, J., and Seymore, K. (August, January 31). A Machine Learning Approach to Building Domain-Specific Search Engines. Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00863.x","article-title":"Why a Diagram Is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words","volume":"11","author":"Larkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0048","article-title":"External Cognition: How Do Graphical Representations Work?","volume":"45","author":"Scaife","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00055","article-title":"Interaction Design for Complex Cognitive Activities with Visual Representations: A Pattern-Based Approach","volume":"5","author":"Sedig","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIS Trans. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, S., Zhuang, H., Koopman, B., and Zuccon, G. (2024, January 14\u201318). A Setwise Approach for Effective and Highly Efficient Zero-Shot Ranking with Large Language Models. Proceedings of the 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657813"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated Data Visualization from Natural Language via Large Language Models: An Exploratory Study","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Manag. Data"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20645","DOI":"10.2196\/20645","article-title":"Marrying Medical Domain Knowledge with Deep Learning on Electronic Health Records: A Deep Visual Analytics Approach","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scells, H., and Zuccon, G. (2018, January 22\u201326). Searchrefiner: A Query Visualisation and Understanding Tool for Systematic Reviews. Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3269206.3269215"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.176","article-title":"Resultmaps: Visualization for Search Interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Clarkson","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871613495674","article-title":"Reflections on the Evolution of the Jigsaw Visual Analytics System","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-H., Thomas, P., Gedeon, T., and Rusnachenko, N. (2022, January 14\u201318). Search Interfaces for Biomedical Searching: How Do Gaze, User Perception, Search Behaviour and Search Performance Relate?. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, Regensburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3498366.3505769"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aula, A., Khan, R.M., and Guan, Z. (2010, January 10\u201315). How Does Search Behavior Change as Search Becomes More Difficult?. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753333"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346574","article-title":"Progressive Visual Analytics: User-Driven Visual Exploration of in-Progress Analytics","volume":"20","author":"Stolper","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, L., Silva, N., Eggeling, E., and Schreck, T. (2017, January 13). Visual Exploration of Large Scatter Plot Matrices by Pattern Recommendation Based on Eye Tracking. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Workshop on Exploratory Search and Interactive Data Analytics, Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1145\/3038462.3038463"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"223","article-title":"The Challenge of Big Data in Public Health: An Opportunity for Visual Analytics","volume":"5","author":"Ola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Online J. Public Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-011-0066-8","article-title":"Interaction and the Epistemic Potential of Digital Libraries","volume":"11","author":"Fast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1353\/tech.2015.0104","article-title":"The Design of Everyday Things by Donald Norman","volume":"56","author":"Tenner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technol. Cult."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v4i3.4270","article-title":"Beyond Information Access: Support for Complex Cognitive Activities in Public Health Informatics Tools","volume":"4","author":"Sedig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online J. Public Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ivs.9500019","article-title":"Sensitivity Encoding to Support Information Space Navigation: A Design Guideline","volume":"1","author":"Spence","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, K., Deng, C., Chen, H., Mo, F., Liu, Z., Sakai, T., and Dou, Z. (2024, January 12\u201316). ChatRetriever: Adapting Large Language Models for Generalized and Robust Conversational Dense Retrieval. Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.71"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13092","article-title":"The State of the Art in Integrating Machine Learning into Visual Analytics","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Endert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.12.020","article-title":"The Use of Machine Learning Algorithms in Recommender Systems: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","author":"Portugal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45448","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2861869","article-title":"Semantic Sequential Query Expansion for Biomedical Article Search","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prospective Validation of Text Categorization Filters for Identifying High-Quality, Content-Specific Articles in MEDLINE","volume":"Volume 2006","author":"Aphinyanaphongs","year":"2006","journal-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorini, N., Canese, K., Starchenko, G., Kireev, E., Kim, W., Miller, V., Osipov, M., Kholodov, M., Ismagilov, R., and Mohan, S. (2018). Best Match: New Relevance Search for PubMed. PLoS Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bay094"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3529754","article-title":"Multi-Document Summarization via Deep Learning Techniques: A Survey","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, S., Khalil, T., and Nasreen, S. (2014, January 27\u201329). A Survey of Feature Selection and Feature Extraction Techniques in Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2014 Science and Information Conference, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAI.2014.6918213"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3744746","article-title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models","volume":"16","author":"Naveed","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00896-7","article-title":"Evaluating Large Language Models on Medical Evidence Summarization","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02855-5","article-title":"Adapted Large Language Models Can Outperform Medical Experts in Clinical Text Summarization","volume":"30","author":"Blankemeier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101139","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2024-101139","article-title":"Large Language Models for Data Extraction from Unstructured and Semi-Structured Electronic Health Records: A Multiple Model Performance Evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Ntinopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Jagerman, R., Zhuang, H., Qin, Z., Wang, X., and Bendersky, M. (2023). Query Expansion by Prompting Large Language Models. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, G., Kumarage, T., Alghamdi, Z., and Liu, H. (2024). Can Knowledge Graphs Reduce Hallucinations in LLMs?: A Survey. Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers), Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-long.219"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, X., Wang, X., Liu, Q., Xu, X., Yuan, X., and Zhang, W. (May, January 28). Paths-over-Graph: Knowledge Graph Empowered Large Language Model Reasoning. Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714892"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AIoa2300068","DOI":"10.1056\/AIoa2300068","article-title":"Almanac\u2014Retrieval-Augmented Language Models for Clinical Medicine","volume":"1","author":"Zakka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nejm Ai"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2022.1236","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Behind the Scenes: PubMed\u2019s Best Match Algorithm","volume":"110","author":"Kiester","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cierco Jimenez, R., Lee, T., Rosillo, N., Cordova, R., Cree, I.A., Gonzalez, A., and Indave Ruiz, B.I. (2022). Machine Learning Computational Tools to Assist the Performance of Systematic Reviews: A Mapping Review. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01805-4"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","article-title":"Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49385","DOI":"10.2196\/49385","article-title":"Health Care Trainees\u2019 and Professionals\u2019 Perceptions of ChatGPT in Improving Medical Knowledge Training: Rapid Survey Study","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2281-7092","article-title":"A Survey of Clinicians\u2019 Views of the Utility of Large Language Models","volume":"15","author":"Spotnitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Inform."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W352","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab326","article-title":"LitSuggest: A Web-Based System for Literature Recommendation and Curation Using Machine Learning","volume":"49","author":"Allot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arp, R., Smith, B., and Spear, A.D. (2015). Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262527811.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1333","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1005","article-title":"The Human Phenotype Ontology in 2024: Phenotypes Around the World","volume":"52","author":"Gargano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene Ontology: Tool for the Unification of Biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W783","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki470","article-title":"GoPubMed: Exploring PubMed with the Gene Ontology","volume":"33","author":"Doms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp249","article-title":"MeSH up: Effective MeSH Text Classification for Improved Document Retrieval","volume":"25","author":"Trieschnigg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2006.09.003","article-title":"A Review of Ontology Based Query Expansion","volume":"43","author":"Bhogal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia, J., Trillo, R., Espinoza, M., and Mena, E. (2006, January 11\u201314). Querying the Web: A Multiontology Disambiguation Method. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Web Engineering, Palo Alto, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1145581.1145630"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21662","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897849","article-title":"The Use of Ontology in Retrieval: A Study on Textual, Multilingual, and Multimedia Retrieval","volume":"7","author":"Asim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Silva, N., Dou, D., and Huang, J. (2017, January 20\u201323). Discovering Inconsistencies in Pubmed Abstracts Through Ontology-Based Information Extraction. Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3107411.3107452"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1145\/32206.32212","article-title":"The Vocabulary Problem in Human-System Communication","volume":"30","author":"Furnas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"210","article-title":"Errors in Search Strategies Used in Systematic Reviews and Their Effects on Information Retrieval","volume":"107","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.Z., Zhang, Y., Dong, L., Li, L., Srimani, P.K., and Yu, P.S. (2014). G-Bean: An Ontology-Graph Based Web Tool for Biomedical Literature Retrieval. BMC Bioinform., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-S12-S1"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Loizides, F., and Buchanan, G. (2009). An Empirical Study of User Navigation During Document Triage. Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 13th European Conference. ECDL 2009, Corfu, Greece, September 27\u2013October 2, 2009, Proceedings, Springer."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Loizides, F., and Buchanan, G. (2013). Towards a Framework for Human (Manual) Information Retrieval. Multidisciplinary Information Retrieval: 6th Information Retrieval Facility Conference, IRFC 2013, Limassol, Cyprus, October 7\u20139, 2013, Proceedings, Springer."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Jonker, D., Wright, W., Schroh, D., Proulx, P., and Cort, B. (2005, January 2\u20136). Information Triage with TRIST. Proceedings of the 2005 Intelligence Analysis Conference, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macskassy, S.A., and Provost, F. (2001, January 9\u201313). Intelligent Information Triage. Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.384015"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan, G., and Owen, T. (2008, January 14\u201317). Improving Skim Reading for Document Triage. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Information Interaction in Context, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/1414694.1414714"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Badi, R., Bae, S., Moore, J.M., Meintanis, K., Zacchi, A., Hsieh, H., Shipman, F., and Marshall, C.C. (February, January 29). Recognizing User Interest and Document Value from Reading and Organizing Activities in Document Triage. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-015-0067-6","article-title":"Faster Title and Abstract Screening? Evaluating Abstrackr, a Semi-Automated Online Screening Program for Systematic Reviewers","volume":"4","author":"Rathbone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3374218","article-title":"Progressive Disclosure: When, Why, and How Do Users Want Algorithmic Transparency Information?","volume":"10","author":"Springer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. (TiiS)"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, J., Ramage, D., Manning, C., and Heer, J. (2012, January 5\u201310). Interpretation and Trust: Designing Model-Driven Visualizations for Text Analysis. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2207738"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, D., Paepcke, A., and Winograd, T. (2007, January 28\u201330). Progressive Multiples for Communication-Minded Visualization. Proceedings of the Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1268517.1268554"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer, A., and Whittaker, S. (2019, January 17\u201320). Progressive Disclosure: Empirically Motivated Approaches to Designing Effective Transparency. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Marina del Ray, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3301275.3302322"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oulasvirta, A., Hukkinen, J.P., and Schwartz, B. (2009, January 19\u201323). When More Is Less: The Paradox of Choice in Search Engine Use. Proceedings of the 32nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1571941.1572030"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, D.S., de Sousa, A.G., de Almeida, R.B., Thompson Furtado, P.H., C\u00f4rtes Vieira Lopes, H., and Barbosa, S.D.J. (2020). Exploring Ontology-Based Information Through the Progressive Disclosure of Visual Answers to Related Queries. Human Interface and the Management of Information. Designing Information: Thematic Area, HIMI 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd International Conference, HCII 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19\u201324, 2020, Proceedings, Part I, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50020-7_7"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"329","article-title":"Generative and Evolutionary Design Exploration","volume":"29","author":"Stouffs","year":"2015","journal-title":"AI EDAM"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2013.07.003","article-title":"Evolutionary Design of User Interfaces for Workflow Information Systems","volume":"86","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Comput. Program."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15605","DOI":"10.2196\/15605","article-title":"A Precision Medicine Tool for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (the Open MS BioScreen): Human-Centered Design and Development","volume":"22","author":"Schleimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bay094","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bay094","article-title":"PubMed Labs: An Experimental System for Improving Biomedical Literature Search","volume":"2018","author":"Fiorini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Database"}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/10\/167\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:45:03Z","timestamp":1761057903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/10\/10\/167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["data10100167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data10100167","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}