{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:08:30Z","timestamp":1760242110835,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile network topology changes dynamically over time because of the high velocity of vehicles. Therefore, the concept of the data dissemination scheme in a VANET environment has become an issue of debate for many research scientists. The main purpose of VANET is to ensure passenger safety application by considering the critical emergency message. The design of the message dissemination protocol should take into consideration effective data dissemination to provide a high packet data ratio and low end-to-end delay by using network resources at a minimal level. In this paper, an effective and efficient adaptive probability data dissemination protocol (EEAPD) is proposed. EEAPD comprises a delay scheme and probabilistic approach. The redundancy ratio (r) metric is used to explain the correlation between road segments and vehicles\u2019 density in rebroadcast probability decisions. The uniqueness of the EEAPD protocol comes from taking into account the number of road segments to decide which nodes are suitable for rebroadcasting the emergency message. The last road segment is considered in the transmission range because of the probability of it having small vehicle density. From simulation results, the proposed protocol provides a better high-packet delivery ratio and low-packet drop ratio by providing better use of the network resource within low end-to-end delay. This protocol is designed for only V2V communication by considering a beaconless strategy. the simulations in this study were conducted using Ns-3.26 and traffic simulator called \u201cSUMO\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T09:24:11Z","timestamp":1545384251000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An Effective and Efficient Adaptive Probability Data Dissemination Protocol in VANET"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Sospeter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Saajid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"given":"Tesfanesh","family":"Tesfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmelmann, M., Bochow, B., and Kellum, C.C. (2010). Vehicular Networking: Automotive Applications and Beyond, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470661314"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IEEE 802.11 Working Group (2010). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments, IEEE Std."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wang, C.D., and Thompson, J.P. (1997). Apparatus and Method for Motion Detection and Tracking of Objects in a Region for Collision Avoidance Utilizing a Real-Time Adaptive Probabilistic Neural Network. (561303918), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2008.4625806","article-title":"Vehicle Ad Hoc networks: Applications and related technical issues","volume":"10","author":"Toor","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"ETSI (2014). 637-3: ITS. Vehicular Communications, ETSI. Part 2: Specification of Decentralized Environmental Notification Basic Service."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ETSI (2009). Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications, ETSI. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/103200_103299\/103248\/01.02.01_60\/ts_103248v010201p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2010.48","article-title":"Context-aware middleware for multimedia services in heterogeneous networks","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimi, M.R., Venkatasubramanian, N., Mehrotra, S., and Vasilakos, A.V. (2012, January 5\u20138). Mapcloud: Mobile applications on an elastic and scalable 2-tier cloud architecture. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE\/ACM Fifth International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/UCC.2012.25"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, A., and Pandey, B. (2016). An intelligent authentication based vehicle initiated broadcast-dynamic path data collection scheme in VANET. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 9.","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i16\/78650"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-012-0457-9","article-title":"Directional routing and scheduling for green vehicular delay tolerant networks","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-015-9979-7","article-title":"A survey on position-based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-010-0276-9","article-title":"Routing for disruption tolerant networks: Taxonomy and design","volume":"16","author":"Spyropoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.2297105","article-title":"Reliable multicast with pipelined network coding using opportunistic feeding and routing","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2010.10.008","article-title":"Flooding-limited and multi-constrained QoS multicast routing based on the genetic algorithm for Manets","volume":"53","author":"Yen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2013.229","article-title":"Physarum optimization: A biology-inspired algorithm for the Steiner tree problem in networks","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"27","article-title":"A review of various VANET data dissemination protocols","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. U- E-Serv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"784","article-title":"A review of information dissemination protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"14","author":"Panichpapiboon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"214","article-title":"A survey on data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"1","author":"Chaqfeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2007.4407231","article-title":"Broadcast storm mitigation techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"14","author":"Wisitpongphan","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, J.J., and Eskandarian, A. (2009, January 26\u201329). Avoiding timeslot boundary synchronization for multi-hop message broadcast in vehicular networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring 2009), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2009.5073415"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.03.007","article-title":"A directional data dissemination protocol for vehicular environments","volume":"34","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, R.S., Das, K., Scholten, H., and Havinga, P. (2012, January 25). Exploiting beacons for scalable broadcast data dissemination in VANETS. Proceedings of the Ninth ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Inter-Networking, Systems, and Applications, Low Wood Bay, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2307888.2307899"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-257","article-title":"A scalable data dissemination protocol for both highway and urban vehicular environments","volume":"2013","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E95.B.3875","article-title":"Trace density-based broadcast scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"95","author":"Kum","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, Y.T., Jan, R.H., Chen, C., Wang, C.F., and Li, H.H. (2010, January 8\u201312). A vehicle-density-based forwarding scheme for emergency message broadcast in VANETS. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 7th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2010.5663803"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuiyan, M.M., Salim, S.M., and Hasan, M.R. (2011, January 2\u20135). Density aware broadcasting scheme for VANET. Proceedings of the 2011 17th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Sabah, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCC.2011.6152854"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Chiang, C.-C. (1997, January 14\u201317). Routing in clustered multihop mobile wireless networks with fading channel. Proceedings of the IEEE SICON, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1109\/49.622910","article-title":"Adaptive Clustering for Mobile Wireless Networks","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.04.001","article-title":"Exploring geographic context awareness for data dissemination on mobile ad hoc networks","volume":"11","author":"Edison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1050-9","article-title":"SEAD: A simple and efficient adaptive data dissemination protocol in vehicular ad-hoc networks","volume":"22","author":"Achour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achour, I., Bejaoui, T., Busson, A., and Tabbane, S. (2016, January 5\u20139). Delay-based strategy for safety message dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks: Slotted or continuous?. Proceedings of the 2016 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Paphos, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2016.7577069"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achour, I., Bejaoui, T., Busson, A., and Tabbane, S. (2015, January 6\u20139). A redundancy-based protocol for safety message dissemination in vehicular ad-hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390812"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.05.002","article-title":"Reliable data dissemination protocol for VANET traffic safety applications","volume":"63","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.09.003","article-title":"Interest-aware energy collection & resource management in the machine to machine communications","volume":"68","author":"Tsiropoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiropoulou, E.E., Paruchuri, S.T., and Baras, J.S. (2017, January 22\u201324). Interest, energy and physical-aware coalition formation and resource allocation in smart IoT applications. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2017.7926111"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"NS3 (2018, December 20). NS-3\u2014Network Simulator Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.nsnam.org\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"SUMO (2018, December 20). Sumo\u2014Simulation of Urban Mobility. Available online: http:\/\/sumo.sourceforge.net\/."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:35:25Z","timestamp":1760196925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["data4010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]}}}