{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:23:18Z","timestamp":1772252598101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["646578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["646578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>European cities and communities (and beyond) require a structured overview and a set of tools as to achieve a sustainable transformation towards smarter cities\/municipalities, thereby leveraging on the enormous potential of the emerging data driven economy. This paper presents the results of a recent study that was conducted with a number of German municipalities\/cities. Based on the obtained and briefly presented recommendations emerging from the study, the authors propose the concept of an Urban Data Space (UDS), which facilitates an eco-system for data exchange and added value creation thereby utilizing the various types of data within a smart city\/municipality. Looking at an Urban Data Space from within a German context and considering the current situation and developments in German municipalities, this paper proposes a reasonable classification of urban data that allows the relation of various data types to legal aspects, and to conduct solid considerations regarding technical implementation designs and decisions. Furthermore, the Urban Data Space is described\/analyzed in detail, and relevant stakeholders are identified, as well as corresponding technical artifacts are introduced. The authors propose to setup Urban Data Spaces based on emerging standards from the area of ICT reference architectures for Smart Cities, such as DIN SPEC 91357 \u201cOpen Urban Platform\u201d and EIP SCC. In the course of this, the paper walks the reader through the construction of a UDS based on the above-mentioned architectures and outlines all the goals, recommendations and potentials, which an Urban Data Space can reveal to a municipality\/city. Finally, we aim at deriving the proposed concepts in a way that they have the potential to be part of the required set of tools towards the sustainable transformation of German and European cities in the direction of smarter urban environments, based on utilizing the hidden potential of digitalization and efficient interoperable data exchange.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T11:26:55Z","timestamp":1547810815000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Data Governance and Sovereignty in Urban Data Spaces Based on Standardized ICT Reference Architectures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Silke","family":"Cuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"System Quality Center (SQC), Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Quality Center (SQC), Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Tcholtchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Quality Center (SQC), Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4411-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"L\u00e4mmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Quality Center (SQC), Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), 10589 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Schieferdecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Quality Center (SQC), Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), 10589 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Quality Engineering of Open Distributed Systems (QDS), Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin), 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2018, November 20). A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0192."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (2018, November 20). Eigentumsordnung f\u00fcr Mobilit\u00e4tsdaten? Eine Studie aus technischer, \u00f6konomischer und rechtlicher Perspektive. Available online: https:\/\/www.bmvi.de\/SharedDocs\/DE\/Publikationen\/DG\/eigentumsordnung-mobilitaetsdaten.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Smart City Charter: Making digital Transformation at the Local Level Sustainable (2018, November 20). Scientific Support: Federal Institute for Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), Division I 5\u2014Digital Cities, Risk Prevention and Transportation, Stephan G\u00fcnthner. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbsr.bund.de\/BBSR\/EN\/Publications\/SpecialPublication\/2017\/smart-city-charta-de-eng.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Die Bundesregierung (The German Gouvernement) (2018, November 20). Deutsche Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie\u2014Neuauflage. Available online: https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/Content\/Infomaterial\/BPA\/Bestellservice\/Deutsche_Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie_Neuauflage_2016.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=23."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Schieferdecker, I., Bruns, L., Cuno, S., Fl\u00fcgge, M., Isakovic, K., Klessmann, J., Kraft, V., L\u00e4mmel, P., Stadtkewitz, D., and Tcholtchev, N. (2018, November 20). Urbane Datenr\u00e4ume\u2014M\u00f6glichkeiten von Datenaustausch und Zusammenarbeit im Urbanen Raum. Available online: https:\/\/cdn0.scrvt.com\/fokus\/774af17bdc0a18cd\/69f7a401c168\/UDR_Studie_062018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Greater London Authority (2018, November 21). Data for London: A City Data Strategy. Available online: https:\/\/files.datapress.com\/london\/dataset\/data-for-london-a-city-data-strategy\/2016-03-01T09:46:23\/London%20City%20Data%20Strategy%20March%202016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"PwC Study (2018, November 22). Datenaustausch als wesentlicher Bestandteil der Digitalisierung. Available online: https:\/\/www.pwc.de\/de\/digitale-transformation\/studie-datenaustausch-digitalisierung.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018, November 22). Schwerpunktinitiative Digitale Information der Allianz der deutschen Wissenschaftsorganisation\u2014Forschungsdaten. Available online: https:\/\/www.allianzinitiative.de\/de\/archiv\/forschungsdaten."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2018, November 22). Leitlinien zum Umgang mit Forschungsdaten. Available online: http:\/\/www.dfg.de\/download\/pdf\/foerderung\/antragstellung\/forschungsdaten\/richtlinien_forschungsdaten.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kuzev, P., and Wangermann, T. (2018). Repr\u00e4sentatives Dateneigentum. Ein zivilgesellschaftliches B\u00fcrgerrecht, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lucke, J.V., and Geiger, C.P. (2018, November 24). Open Government Data, Frei verf\u00fcgbare Daten des \u00f6ffentlichen Sektors. Available online: https:\/\/www.zu.de\/info-de\/institute\/togi\/assets\/pdf\/TICC-101203-OpenGovernmentData-V1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Dietrich, D. (2018, November 24). Was Sind Offene Daten?. Available online: http:\/\/www.bpb.de\/gesellschaft\/digitales\/opendata\/64055\/was-sind-offene-daten?p=all."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, August 17). European Innovation Partnership Smart Cities and Communities, EIP SCC. Available online: https:\/\/eu-smartcities.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2018, January 30). EU Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities Marketplace. Available online: http:\/\/eu-smartcities.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Heuser, L., Scheer, J., den Hamer, P., and de Lathouwer, B. (2017). EIP SCC Work Stream 2\u2014Main Deliverable, Reference Architecture, Draft, Version 0.98 (Work in Progress), 22.06.2017, Available online: http:\/\/espresso.espresso-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/EIP-SCC-OUP-WS2-Reference-Architecture-and-Design-Principles-Main.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2018, August 17). DIN SPEC 91357, Reference Architecture Model Open Urban Platform (OUP). Available online: https:\/\/www.din.de\/en\/wdc-beuth:din21:281077528?sourceLanguage&destinationLanguage."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"FP7 STREETLIFE-Project (2018, November 24). Steering Towards Green and Perceptive Mobility of the Future. Available online: http:\/\/www.streetlife-project.eu."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sunlight Foundation (n.d.) (2018, November 24). Ten Principles for Opening up Government Information. Available online: https:\/\/sunlightfoundation.com\/policy\/documents\/ten-open-data-principles\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Seibel, B. (2018, November 24). Open Data in der Berliner Verwaltung: Status quo, Bedarfe und Perspektiven. Available online: https:\/\/www.technologiestiftung-berlin.de\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Open_Data_in-der-Verwaltung_WEB.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bundesministerium der Justiz und f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz (2018, November 24). Gesetz zur Regelung des Zugangs zu Informationen des Bundes (Informationsfreiheitsgesetz\u2014IFG). Available online: https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/ifg\/IFG.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Jentzsch, N. (2018, November 24). Dateneigentum\u2014Eine gute Idee f\u00fcr die Daten\u00f6konomie? Stiftung Neue Verantwortung. Available online: https:\/\/www.stiftung-nv.de\/sites\/default\/files\/nicola_jentzsch_dateneigentum.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"International Data Spaces Association and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (2018, November 24). IDS Reference Architecture Model\u2014Industrial Data Space. Available online: https:\/\/www.fraunhofer.de\/content\/dam\/zv\/de\/Forschungsfelder\/industrial-data-space\/IDS_Referenz_Architecture.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Commission (2018, November 24). Building a European Data Economy. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0009."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Commission (2018, November 24). Towards a Common European Data Space. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0232."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, November 24). Data World\u2014Semantic Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/data.world\/features."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"ITU-T Recommendation X.200 (07\/1994) (2019, January 18). Data Networks and Open System Communication, Open Systems Interconnection\u2014Model and Annotation, Information Technology\u2014Open Systems Interconnection\u2014Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-X.200-199407-I."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2018, November 24). RFC1122: Requirements for Internet Hosts\u2014Communication Layers. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc1122."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Meneses, J.P., and Gonzalez, R.A. (2016, January 9\u201311). Knowledge Management Framework for Early Phases in TOGAF-based Enterprise Architecture. Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, KMIS (IC3K 2016), Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"SAGA (2018, November 26). Standards und Architekturen f\u00fcr E-Government-Anwendungen, Version 5.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.cio.bund.de\/Web\/DE\/Architekturen-und-Standards\/SAGA\/SAGA%205-aktuelle%20Version\/saga_5_aktuelle_version_node.html."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"BSI (2018, November 26). Bundesamt f\u00fcr Sicherheit in der Informationtechnik\/Federal Office for Information Security. Available online: https:\/\/www.bsi.bund.de\/DE\/Home\/home_node.html."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2018, August 17). H2020 Triangulum. Available online: https:\/\/www.triangulum-project.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2018, August 17). H2020 Espresso. Available online: http:\/\/espresso-project.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schieferdecker, I., Tcholtchev, N., Lammel, P., Scholz, R., and Lapi, E. (2007, January 17\u201319). Towards an Open Data Based ICT Reference Architecture for Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (CeDEM), Krems, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/CeDEM.2017.18"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tcholtchev, N., Scholz, R., L\u00e4mmel, P., Richter, R., Lapi, E., and Tepe, K. (2018, August 17). D 6.1: ICT Reference Architecture. Available online: http:\/\/www.triangulum-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/D6.1_ICT_Reference_Architecture.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Espresso Deliverable (2018, August 17). D4.2\u2014Definition of Smart City Reference Architecture. Available online: http:\/\/espresso.espresso-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/D4-17579.2-Smart-City-reference-architecture-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Horizon-2020 Project (2018, November 24). Transforming Transport. Available online: https:\/\/transformingtransport.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/2017-08\/D1.3_Data_Management_Approach_V2.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1145\/1629175.1629210","article-title":"Designing data governance","volume":"53","author":"Khatri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4","article-title":"One size does not fit all\u2014A contingency approach to data governance","volume":"1","author":"Weber","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM J. Data Inf. Qual."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2018, October 16). OpenGovData. Available online: https:\/\/opengovdata.org."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/1\/16\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:13Z","timestamp":1760185633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/1\/16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["data4010016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4010016","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201812.0071.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]}}}