{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1760240065140,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Best-Eko Sp. z o.o.","award":["'Selection of substrates based on BEST-TERRA compost and composting technology at the composting plant at Boguszowice sewage treatment plant'"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["'Selection of substrates based on BEST-TERRA compost and composting technology at the composting plant at Boguszowice sewage treatment plant'"]}]},{"name":"Fulbright Foundation","award":["The project titled \u201cResearch on pollutants emission from Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel into the environment\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The project titled \u201cResearch on pollutants emission from Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel into the environment\u201d"]}]},{"name":"by the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa","award":["Project no. IOW05556 (Future Challenges in Animal Production Systems: Seeking Solutions through Focused Facilitation) sponsored by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project no. IOW05556 (Future Challenges in Animal Production Systems: Seeking Solutions through Focused Facilitation) sponsored by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Composting is generally accepted as the sustainable recycling of biowaste into a useful and beneficial product for soil. However, composting processes can produce gases that are considered air pollutants. In this dataset, we summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of process gases (including rarely reported carbon monoxide, CO) generated inside full-scale composting piles. In total 1375 cross-sections were made and presented in 230 figures. The research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of gas evolution during the composting of biowaste depending on the pile turning regime (no turning, turning once a week, and turning twice a week) and pile location (outdoors, and indoors in a composting hall). The analyzed biowaste (a mixture of tree leaves and branches, grass clippings, and sewage sludge) were composted in six piles with passive aeration including additional turning at a municipal composting plant. The chemical composition and temperature of process gases within each pile were analyzed weekly for ~49\u201356 days. The variations in the degree of pile aeration (O2 content), temperature, and the spatial distribution of CO, CO2 and NO concentration during the subsequent measurement cycles were summarized and visualized. The lowest O2 concentrations were associated with the central (core) part of the pile. Similarly, an increase in CO content in the pile core sections was found, which may indicate that CO is oxidized in the upper layer of composting piles. Higher CO and CO2 concentrations and temperature were also observed in the summer season, especially on the south side of piles located outdoors. The most varied results were for the NO concentrations that occurred in all conditions. The dataset was used by the composting plant operator for more sustainable management. Specifically, the dataset allowed us to make recommendations to minimize the environmental impact of composting operations and to lower the risk of worker exposure to CO. The new procedure is as follows: turning of biowaste twice a week for the first two weeks, followed by turning once a week for the next two weeks. Turning is not necessary after four weeks of the process. The recommended surface-to-volume ratio of a compost pile should not exceed 2.5. Compost piles should be constructed with a surface-to-volume ratio of less than 2 in autumn and early spring when low ambient temperatures are common.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:22:26Z","timestamp":1551676946000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within the Biowaste Compost"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Stegenta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Sobieraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Pilarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Best-Eko Sp. z o.o., 1 Gwark\u00f3w Str., 44-240 \u017bory, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek A.","family":"Koziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, IA 50011-3270, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Bia\u0142owiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.11.054","article-title":"The influence of perforation of foil reactors on greenhouse gas emission rates during aerobic biostabilization of the undersize fraction of municipal wastes","volume":"207","author":"Stegenta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Norstedt, R.A., Barkdoll, A.W., and Schroeder, R.M. (1992, January 27\u201329). Composting of yard wastes. Science and Engineering of Composting: Design, Environmental and Utilization Aspects. Proceedings of the International Composting Research Symposium, Columbus, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"125","article-title":"Constituents of the anaerobic portion occurring in the pile during composting of cattle wastes","volume":"29","author":"Haga","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Soc. Agric. Struct. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464470","article-title":"Occurrence of carbon monoxide during organic waste degradation","volume":"56","author":"Haarstad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0429","article-title":"Carbon monoxide from composting due to thermal oxidation of biomass","volume":"37","author":"Hellebrand","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stegenta, S. (2018). The Abiotic and Biotic Determinants of Carbon Monoxide Emissions during Composting Process. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012666929651","article-title":"Emission of carbon monoxide during composting of dung and green waste","volume":"60","author":"Hellebrand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.05.022","article-title":"Field scale evaluation of volatile organic compound production inside biosecure swine mortality composts","volume":"30","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.10.100","article-title":"Air sampling methods for VOCs related to field-scale biosecure swine mortality composting","volume":"102","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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(2019). The analysis of spatial distribution of process gases within a pile during composting of biowaste. Sustainability, forthcoming.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11082340"}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/1\/37\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:35:33Z","timestamp":1760186133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/1\/37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["data4010037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4010037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}}}