{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:32:43Z","timestamp":1775745163012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["the Diamond Grant program # 0077\/DIA\/2015\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Diamond Grant program # 0077\/DIA\/2015\/14"]}]},{"name":"Fulbright Foundation","award":["The project titled \u201cResearch on pollutants emission from Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel into the environment\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The project titled \u201cResearch on pollutants emission from Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel into the environment\""]}]},{"name":"Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa","award":["Project no. IOW05556 (Future Challenges in Animal Production Systems: Seeking Solutions through Focused Facilitation) sponsored by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project no. IOW05556 (Future Challenges in Animal Production Systems: Seeking Solutions through Focused Facilitation) sponsored by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pioneering developed simplified mathematical model can be used to determine the energy consumption of the torrefaction process. Specifically, the energy balance model was developed for torrefaction of municipal solid waste (MSW; a combustible fraction of common municipal waste). Municipalities are adopting waste separation and need tools for energy recovery options. This type of model is needed for initial decision-making, evaluation of cost estimates, life cycle analysis (LCA), and for optimizing the torrefaction of MSW. The MSW inputs are inherently variable and are site-, location-, and country-dependent. Thus, in this model, MSW inputs consist of eight types of common municipal waste components: chicken meat, diapers, gauze, eggs packaging, paper receipts, cotton, genuine leather, and polypropylene. The model uses simple experimental input consisting of thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses for each type of individual MSW material. The model was created in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet and is available for download and use for site-specific waste mixes and properties. The model allows estimating the energy demand of the process depending on the percentage composition of the MSW and the final torrefaction temperature. The model enables initial optimization of the torrefaction process regarding its energy demand by changing the proportion of MSW mix and the final temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4020053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T03:15:53Z","timestamp":1555902953000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Waste to Carbon Energy Demand Model and Data Based on the TGA and DSC Analysis of Individual MSW Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Str., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Serowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Str., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-0354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek A.","family":"Koziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 605 Bissell Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Bia\u0142owiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Str., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bialowiec, A., Micuda, M., and Koziel, J.A. (2018). Waste to carbon: Densification of torrefied refuse-derived fuel. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113233"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Possibilities for application of alternative fuels in Poland","volume":"18","author":"Nowak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Waste Manag. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kraszewski, A. (2015, January 7). The market for alternative fuels produced for the needs of the cement industry in Poland. Proceedings of the 11th Seminar on Co-Processing of Alternative Fuels in Cement Pants, Cracow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Radzi\u0119ciak, T. (2015, January 7). 20 years of co-processing of alternative fuels in cement plants in Poland. Proceedings of the 11th Seminar on Co-processing of Alternative Fuels in Cement Pants, Cracow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"384","article-title":"A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications","volume":"7","author":"Tumuluru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bergman, P.C.A., Boersma, A.R., Zwart, R.W.R., and Kiel, J.H.A. (2005). Torrefaction of Biomass Co-Firing in Existing Coal-Fired Power Stations, ECN Publication ECN-C-05-013."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermogravimetric and Calorimetric Characteristics of Alternative Fuel in Terms of Its Use in Low-Temperature Pyrolysis","volume":"8","author":"Pulka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2019, April 15). Statistics Poland, Farm Animals in 2017, Available online: https:\/\/stat.gov.pl\/files\/gfx\/portalinformacyjny\/pl\/defaultaktualnosci\/5508\/6\/18\/1\/zwierzeta_gospodarskie_w_2017_roku.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulka, J., Manczarski, P., Koziel, J.A., and Bialowiec, A. (2019). Torrefaction of sewage sludge: Kinetics and fuel properties of biochars. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12030565"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegenta, S., Sobieraj, K., Pilarski, G., Koziel, J.A., and Bialowiec, A. (2019). The spatial and temporal distribution of process gases within the biowaste compost. Data, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/data4010037"}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/2\/53\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:46:44Z","timestamp":1760186804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/2\/53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["data4020053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4020053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]]}}}