{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:15:32Z","timestamp":1760188532968,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Speckle tracking echography is used to measure myocardial strain patterns in order to assess the state of myocardial tissue. Because electro-mechanical coupling in myocardial tissue is complex and nonlinear, and because of the measurement errors the uniqueness of strain patterns is questionable. In this study, the uniqueness of strain patterns was visualized in order to revel characteristics that may improve their interpretation. A computational model of sarcomere mechanics was used to generate a database of 1681 strain patterns, each simulated with a different set of sarcomere parameters: time of activation (TA) and contractility (Con). TA and Con ranged from \u2212100 ms to 100 ms and 2% to 202% in 41 steps respectively, thus forming a two-dimensional 41 \u00d7 41 parameter space. Uniqueness of the strain pattern was assessed by using a cohort of similar strain patterns defined by a measurement error. The cohort members were then visualized in the parameter space. Each cohort formed one connected component (or blob) in the parameter space; however, large differences in the shape, size, and eccentricity of the blobs were found for different regions in the parameter space. The blobs were elongated along the TA direction (\u00b150 ms) when contractility was low, and along the Con direction (\u00b150%) when contractility was high. The uniqueness of the strain patterns can be assessed and visualized in the parameter space. The strain patterns in the studied database are not degenerated because a cohort of similar strain patterns forms only one connected blob in the parameter space. However, the elongation of the blobs means that estimations of TA when contractility is low and of Con when contractility is high have high uncertainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4020079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T23:07:27Z","timestamp":1558912047000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visualization of Myocardial Strain Pattern Uniqueness with Respect to Activation Time and Contractility: A Computational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9085-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borut","family":"Kirn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv529","article-title":"Myocardial strain imaging: how useful is it in clinical decision making?","volume":"37","author":"Smiseth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.12.012","article-title":"A Test in Context: Myocardial strain measured by speckle-tracking echocardiography","volume":"69","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.02.015","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography: Fundamentals and clinical applications","volume":"23","author":"Geyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.064","article-title":"Global longitudinal strain to predict mortality in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"71","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.10.005","article-title":"Current state of three-dimensional myocardial strain estimation using echocardiography","volume":"26","author":"Jasaityte","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-1053-3","article-title":"Value of three-dimensional strain parameters for predicting left ventricular remodeling after ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2012.09.015","article-title":"Patient-specific models of cardiac biomechanics","volume":"244","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.06.015","article-title":"OpenCMISS: A multi-physics & multi-scale computational infrastructure for the VPH\/Physiome project","volume":"107","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent, J.L. (2017). Patient-Specific eal-time cardiovascular simulation as clinical decision support in intensive care medicine. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2017, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51908-1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-011-0337-8","article-title":"Estimation of tissue contractility from cardiac cine-MRI using a biomechanical heart model","volume":"11","author":"Chabiniok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.10.167","article-title":"Parameter identification methods in a model of the cardiovascular system","volume":"48","author":"Pironet","year":"2015","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150083","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0083","article-title":"Multiphysics and multiscale modelling, data\u2013model fusion and integration of organ physiology in the clinic: ventricular cardiac mechanics","volume":"6","author":"Chabiniok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2006.04.002","article-title":"Cardiac function estimation from MRI using a heart model and data assimilation: Advances and difficulties","volume":"10","author":"Sermesant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-018-00393-z","article-title":"Editorial: Special issue on verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of cardiovascular models: Towards effective VVUQ for translating cardiovascular modelling to clinical utility","volume":"9","author":"Steinman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223610","article-title":"Whole-heart modeling","volume":"108","author":"Trayanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2008.06.001","article-title":"Model-based analysis of myocardial strain data acquired by tissue Doppler imaging","volume":"44","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2018.05.007","article-title":"Quantifying the uncertainty in model parameters using Gaussian process-based Markov chain Monte Carlo in cardiac electrophysiology","volume":"48","author":"Dhamala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-0969-6","article-title":"Fundamental principles of data assimilation underlying the Verdandi library: applications to biophysical model personalization within euHeart","volume":"51","author":"Chapelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02755","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2755","article-title":"A guide to uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis for cardiovascular applications","volume":"32","author":"Eck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-37","article-title":"Inter-study reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance tagging","volume":"15","author":"Donekal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Resonance"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.06.011","article-title":"Head-to-Head comparison of global longitudinal strain measurements among nine different vendors","volume":"28","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2010.08.007","article-title":"How different two almost identical action potentials can be: A model study on cardiac repolarization","volume":"228","author":"Zaniboni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231499798","article-title":"Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems","volume":"98","author":"Edelman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutenkunst, R.N., Waterfall, J.J., Casey, F.P., Brown, K.S., Myers, C.R., and Sethna, J.P. (2007). Universally sloppy parameter sensitivities in systems biology models. PLoS Comput. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030189"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0614-1","article-title":"Uniqueness of local myocardial strain patterns with respect to activation time and contractility of the failing heart: a computational study","volume":"17","author":"Kirn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1943","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00444.2004","article-title":"Adaptation to mechanical load determines shape and properties of heart and circulation: the CircAdapt model","volume":"288","author":"Arts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walmsley, J., Arts, T., Derval, N., Bordachar, P., Cochet, H., Ploux, S., Prinzen, F.W., Delhaas, T., and Lumens, J. (2015). Fast Simulation of mechanical heterogeneity in the electrically asynchronous heart using the multiPatch module. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004284"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2408348","article-title":"Multimodal manifold analysis by simultaneous diagonalization of laplacians","volume":"37","author":"Eynard","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/2\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:58Z","timestamp":1760187298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/2\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["data4020079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4020079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]}}}