{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:43:10Z","timestamp":1770842590369,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pollination services are vital for agriculture, food security and biodiversity. Although many insect species provide pollination services, honeybees are thought to be the major provider of this service to agriculture. However, the importance of wild bees in this respect should not be overlooked. Whilst regulatory risk assessment processes have, for a long time, included that for pollinators, using honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a protective surrogate, there are concerns that this approach may not be sufficiently adequate particularly because of global declines in pollinating insects. Consequently, risk assessments are now being expanded to include wild bee species such as bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and solitary bees (Osmia spp.). However, toxicity data for these species is scarce and are absent from the main pesticide reference resources. The aim of the study described here was to collate data relating to the acute toxicity of pesticides to wild bee species (both topical and dietary exposure) from published regulatory documents and peer reviewed literature, and to incorporate this into one of the main online resources for pesticide risk assessment data: The Pesticide Properties Database, thus ensuring that the data is maintained and continuously kept up to date. The outcome of this study is a dataset collated from 316 regulatory and peer reviewed articles that contains 178 records covering 120 different pesticides and their variants which includes 142 records for bumblebees and a further 115 records for other wild bee species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4030098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1562844508000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Wild Bee Toxicity Data for Pesticide Risk Assessments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen A","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture &amp; the Environment Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Tzilivakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture &amp; the Environment Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Williams, I.H. (2002). Insect Pollination and Crop Production: A European Perspective. Pollinating Bees\u2014The Conservation Link between Agriculture and Nature."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3721","article-title":"Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops","volume":"274","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1998.11099393","article-title":"The economic value of bees in the UK","volume":"79","author":"Carreck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093454","article-title":"Decline and conservation of bumble bees","volume":"53","author":"Goulson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.07.024","article-title":"Concealed floral rewards and the role of experience in floral sonication by bees","volume":"120","author":"Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014","article-title":"Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline","volume":"68","author":"Gallai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Buglife (2019, June 17). Pollination. Available online: https:\/\/www.buglife.org.uk\/bugs-and-habitats\/pollination."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology\u2014POST (2019, June 17). Insect Pollination, PostNote Number 348, January 2010. Available online: https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/documents\/post\/postpn348.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Smith, P., Ashmore, M., Black, H., Burgess, P., Evans, C., Hails, R., Potts, S., Quine, T., Thomson, A., and Biesmeijer, K. (2011). Regulating Services, in The U.K National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report: U.K National Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP-WCMC."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.127","article-title":"Risk assessment of pesticides and other stressors in bees: Principles, data gaps and perspectives from the European Food Safety Authority","volume":"587","author":"Rortais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy168","article-title":"Comparison of Pesticide Exposure in Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and BumbleBees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Implications for Risk Assessments","volume":"48","author":"Gradish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Entom."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1737","article-title":"Extrapolation of acute toxicity across bee species","volume":"12","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority\u2014EFSA (2013). Guidance on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp. and solitary bees). EFSA J., 11, 3295.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3295"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency\u2014US EPA, Health Canada, and California Department of Pesticide Regulation (2019, June 17). Guidance for Assessing Pesticide Risk to Bees. Available online: file:\/\/\/D:\/bee%20paper\/Pollinator%20toxicity\/Background%20references\/pollinator_risk_assessment_guidance_06_19_14.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2001131","article-title":"Assessing the exposure and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees (Bombus sp.)","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-014-1190-1","article-title":"A meta-analysis comparing the sensitivity of bees to pesticides","volume":"23","author":"Arena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotox"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhl, P., Awanbor, O., Schulz, R.S., and Br\u00fchl, C.A. (2018). Osmia bicornis is rarely an adequate regulatory surrogate species. Comparing its acute sensitivity towards multiple insecticides with regulatory Apis mellifera endpoints. BioRxiv, 366237.","DOI":"10.1101\/366237"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.09.047","article-title":"The vulnerability of plant-pollinator communities to honeybee decline: A comparative network analysis in different habitat types","volume":"97","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0937.1","article-title":"Deconstructing the surrogate species concept: A life history approach to the protection of ecosystem services","volume":"24","author":"Banks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox342","article-title":"Apis cerana is less sensitive to most neonicotinoids, despite of their smaller body mass","volume":"111","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Turner, J.A. (2018). The pesticide manual: A world compendium, British Crop Production Council. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, June 17). Oregon State University; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; National Pesticide Information Centre\u2014NPIC. Available online: http:\/\/www.npic.orst.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kegley, S.E., Hill, B.R., Orme, S., and Choi, A.H. (2019, July 11). PAN Pesticide Database. Pesticide Action Network, North America (San.) 2000. Available online: http:\/\/pesticideinfo.org\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2015.1133242","article-title":"An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Bayo, F., and Goka, K. (2014). Pesticide residues and bees\u2014a risk assessment. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094482"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, H.M., and Pamminger, T. (2019). Are honeybees suitable surrogates for use in pesticide risk assessments for non-Apis bees?. Pest. Manag. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5494"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.11.010","article-title":"Pesticide Load\u2014A new Danish pesticide risk indicator with multiple applications","volume":"70","author":"Kudsk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Pol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.09.092","article-title":"Predicting acute contact toxicity of pesticides in honeybees (Apis mellifera) through a k-nearest neighbor model","volume":"166","author":"Como","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0498-9","article-title":"QSAR modeling in ecotoxicological risk assessment: Application to the prediction of acute contact toxicity of pesticides on bees (Apis mellifera L.)","volume":"25","author":"Hamadache","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Poll. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Bee.Watch (2019, June 17). Keeping Bees on Things. Available online: https:\/\/www.bee.watch\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3896\/IBRA.1.52.4.14","article-title":"Standard methods for toxicology research in Apis mellifera","volume":"52","author":"Medrzycki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Apicult. Res."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/3\/98\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:04:43Z","timestamp":1760187883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/3\/98"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["data4030098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4030098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]}}}