{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:14:02Z","timestamp":1770225242438,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/50484-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/50484-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/17652-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/17652-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping urban trees with images at a very high spatial resolution (\u22641 m) is a particularly relevant recent challenge due to the need to assess the ecosystem services they provide. However, due to the effort needed to produce these maps from tree censuses or with remote sensing data, few cities in the world have a complete tree cover map. Here, we present the tree cover data at 1-m spatial resolution of the Metropolitan Region of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the world. This dataset, based on 71 orthorectified RGB aerial photographs taken in 2010 at 1-m spatial resolution, was produced using a deep learning method for image segmentation called U-net. The model was trained with 1286 images of size 64 \u00d7 64 pixels at 1-m spatial resolution, containing one or more trees or only background, and their labelled masks. The validation was based on 322 images of the same size not used in the training and their labelled masks. The map produced by the U-net algorithm showed an excellent level of accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 96.4% and an F1-score of 0.941 (precision = 0.945 and recall = 0.937). This dataset is a valuable input for the estimation of urban forest ecosystem services, and more broadly for urban studies or urban ecological modelling of the S\u00e3o Paulo Metropolitan Region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data4040145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tree Cover for the Year 2010 of the Metropolitan Region of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9623-1182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien H.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research\u2014INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mayumi C.M.","family":"Hirye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research\u2014INPE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2018). The State of the World\u2019s Forests 2018\u2014Forest Pathways to Sustainable Development, FAO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0202-1","article-title":"Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature","volume":"2","author":"Keeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Salbitano, F., Borelli, S., Conigliaro, M., and Yujuan, C. (2016). Guidelines on Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry, FAO."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, I.F.S., and Tilman, D. (2006). Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being. PLoS Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040277"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Resources Institute (2005). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment\u2014Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, D.J., Robert, E., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., and Walton, J.T. (2007). Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values, New York City\u2019s Urban Forest.","DOI":"10.2737\/NRS-RB-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.037","article-title":"A statewide urban tree canopy mapping method","volume":"229","author":"Erker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Population Division (2019). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/420), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE) (2018). Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 2018, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, F.H., Sanchez, A., Tarabalka, Y., Lotte, R.G., Ferreira, M.P., Aidar, M.P.M., Gloor, E., Phillips, O.L., and Arag\u00e3o, L.E.O.C. (2019). Using the U-net convolutional network to map forest types and disturbance in the Atlantic rainforest with very high resolution images. Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv.","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.111"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., and Brox, T. (2015). U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, F.H., and Cursino de Moura Hirye, M. (2019). Tree cover for the year 2010 of the Metropolitan Region of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. 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[Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-40142015000200006","article-title":"\u00c1rvores urbanas em S\u00e3o Paulo: Planejamento, economia e \u00e1gua","volume":"29","author":"Buckeridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estudos Avan\u00e7ados"}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/4\/145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:34:27Z","timestamp":1760189667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/4\/4\/145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["data4040145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data4040145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]}}}