{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:34:29Z","timestamp":1790361269454,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004189","name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a large dataset of underwater hyperspectral imagery that can be used by researchers in the domains of computer vision, machine learning, remote sensing, and coral reef ecology. We present the details of underwater data acquisition, processing and curation to create this large dataset of coral reef imagery annotated for habitat mapping. A diver-operated hyperspectral imaging system (HyperDiver) was used to survey 147 transects at 8 coral reef sites around the Caribbean island of Cura\u00e7ao. The underwater proximal sensing approach produced fine-scale images of the seafloor, with more than 2.2 billion points of detailed optical spectra. Of these, more than 10 million data points have been annotated for habitat descriptors or taxonomic identity with a total of 47 class labels up to genus- and species-levels. In addition to HyperDiver survey data, we also include images and annotations from traditional (color photo) quadrat surveys conducted along 23 of the 147 transects, which enables comparative reef description between two types of reef survey methods. This dataset promises benefits for efforts in classification algorithms, hyperspectral image segmentation and automated habitat mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data5010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Trillion Coral Reef Colors: Deeply Annotated Underwater Hyperspectral Images for Automated Classification and Habitat Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Rafiuddin","family":"Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjun","family":"Chennu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Spalding, M.D., Ravilious, C., and Green, E.P. (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"819","article-title":"The Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP)","volume":"69","author":"Alcolado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"861","article-title":"Reef Check: The first step in community-based management","volume":"69","author":"Hodgson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, J.A., Purkis, S.J., and Phinn, S.R. (2013). Validation. Coral Reef Remote Sensing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9292-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.03.014","article-title":"Dynamic ocean management: Defining and conceptualizing real-time management of the ocean","volume":"58","author":"Maxwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"68","article-title":"Implications of sensor design for coral reef detection: Upscaling ground hyperspectral imagery in spatial and spectral scales","volume":"63","author":"Caras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07337-y","article-title":"A diver-operated hyperspectral imaging and topographic surveying system for automated mapping of benthic habitats","volume":"7","author":"Chennu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2012.705800","article-title":"Hyperspectral Imaging Applications in Agriculture and Agro-Food Product Quality and Safety Control: A Review","volume":"48","author":"Dale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160902926681","article-title":"A review on hyperspectral remote sensing for homogeneous and heterogeneous forest biodiversity assessment","volume":"31","author":"Ghiyamat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6053879","article-title":"Supporting Global Environmental Change Research: A Review of Trends and Knowledge Gaps in Urban Remote Sensing","volume":"6","author":"Wentz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9647","DOI":"10.3390\/s101109647","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation: A Review from the Perspective of Remote Sensing Specialists","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chang, C.-I. (2003). Hyperspectral Imaging: Techniques for Spectral Detection and Classification, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050238","article-title":"Coral reef habitat mapping: How much detail can remote sensing provide?","volume":"130","author":"Mumby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815018","article-title":"Hyperion, a space-based imaging spectrometer","volume":"41","author":"Pearlman","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.012","article-title":"Carnegie Airborne Observatory-2: Increasing science data dimensionality via high-fidelity multi-sensor fusion","volume":"124","author":"Asner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00079","article-title":"Scaling Up Coral Reef Restoration Using Remote Sensing Technology","volume":"6","author":"Foo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gewali, U.B., Monteiro, S.T., and Saber, E. (2018). Machine learning based hyperspectral image analysis: A survey. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2925416","article-title":"Incremental Learning for Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Remote Sensing Data","volume":"12","author":"Tasar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01506.x","article-title":"Escaping the heat: Range shifts of reef coral taxa in coastal Western Australia","volume":"14","author":"Greenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0307:CFARSO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Climate flickers and range shifts of reef corals","volume":"2","author":"Precht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, December 04). WoRMS Editorial Board World Register of Marine Species. Available online: https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse3041448","article-title":"How Aphia\u2014The Platform behind Several Online and Taxonomically Oriented Databases\u2014Can Serve Both the Taxonomic Community and the Field of Biodiversity Informatics","volume":"3","author":"Vandepitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"CATAMI Technical Working Group (2014). CATAMI Classification Scheme for Scoring Marine Biota and Sub-Strata in Underwater Imagery. Version 1.4, National Environmental Research Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/802875","article-title":"Getting to the Point: Accuracy of Point Count in Monitoring Ecosystem Change","volume":"2012","author":"Pante","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.11.009","article-title":"Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology","volume":"32","author":"Kohler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/5\/1\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:58:52Z","timestamp":1760173132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/5\/1\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["data5010019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data5010019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]}}}