{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:27:19Z","timestamp":1768523239309,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted to create a new database of 197 field surveys of monthly malaria Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR), a metric of malaria transmission intensity. All field studies provide data at a monthly temporal resolution and have a duration of at least one year in order to study the seasonality of the disease. For inclusion, data collection methodologies adhered to a specific standard and the location and timing of the measurements were documented. Auxiliary information on the population and hydrological setting were also included. The database includes measurements that cover West and Central Africa and the period from 1945 to 2011, and hence facilitates analysis of interannual transmission variability over broad regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data5020031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T13:27:19Z","timestamp":1585661239000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Monthly Entomological Inoculation Rate Data for Studying the Seasonality of Malaria Transmission in Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund I.","family":"Yamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 039-5028 Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, 50670 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Tompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Earth System Physics, 34100 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas H.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Ermert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, 50670 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mbouna D.","family":"Amelie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental Modelling and Atmospheric Physics (LEMAP), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard K.","family":"Amekudzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 039-5028 Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier J. T.","family":"Bri\u00ebt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, CH\u20134003, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, February 12). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2019\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Lama, M., Korenromp, E., Aylward, P., Shargie, E., Filler, S., Komatsu, R., and Atun, R. (2012). Adoption of rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of malaria, a preliminary analysis of the global fund program data, 2005 to 2010. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043549"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czi044","article-title":"Design and implementation of a health management information system in Malawi: Issues, innovations and results","volume":"20","author":"Chaulagai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-202","article-title":"Determinants of the accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria case management: Evidence from low and moderate transmission settings in the East African highlands","volume":"7","author":"Abeku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04024","article-title":"The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children","volume":"438","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00566.x","article-title":"What does a single determination of malaria parasite density mean? A longitudinal survey in Mali","volume":"5","author":"Delley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-3-17","article-title":"The relationship between the Plasmodium falciparum parasite ratio in childhood and climate estimates of malaria transmission in Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Omumbo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay, S.I., and Snow, R.W. (2006). The malaria atlas project: Developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030473"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay, S.L., Guerra, C.A., Gething, P.W., Patil, A.P., Tatem, A.J., Noor, A.M., Kabaria, C.W., Manh, B.H., Elyazar, I.R., and Brooker, S. (2009). A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/a7ab5bb8-c3bb-4f01-aa34-65cc53af065d"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-195","article-title":"False positive circumsporozoite protein ELISA: A challenge for the estimation of the entomological inoculation rate of malaria and for vector incrimination","volume":"10","author":"Durnez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1543-0","article-title":"Circumsporozoite protein rates, blood-feeding pattern and frequency of knockdown resistance mutations in Anopheles spp. in two ecological zones of Mauritania","volume":"9","author":"Lekweiry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Vectors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90246-3","article-title":"Annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates(EIR) across Africa: Literature survey, internet access and review","volume":"94","author":"Hay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-62","article-title":"Development of a new version of the Liverpool Malaria Model. II. Calibration and validation for West Africa","volume":"10","author":"Ermert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2011-004","article-title":"The digitize package: Extracting numerical data from scatterplots","volume":"3","author":"Poisot","year":"2011","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Macdonald, G. (1957). The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.109","article-title":"A short report: Entomologic inoculation rate and plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa","volume":"61","author":"Beier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-19","article-title":"The multiplicity of malaria transmission: A review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"McKenzie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"CIESIN-CIAT (2005). Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Density Grid."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1069","article-title":"Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Hay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Yamba, E.I., Tompkins, A.M., Fink, A.H., Ermert, V., Djouda, A., Amekudzi, L.K., and Bri\u00ebt, O.J.T. (2018). Monthly entomological inoculation rates for studying malaria transmission seasonality in Africa. PANGAEA."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"147","article-title":"Malaria transmission in the lagoon area of Cotonou, Benin","volume":"34","author":"Akogbeto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.4.618","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of malaria transmission in two rural areas of Burkina Faso with two ecological differences","volume":"47","author":"Tiono","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"201","article-title":"La Transmission du paludisme en zone de savane arboree et en zone rizicole des environs de Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)","volume":"65","author":"Robert","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annales de la Societe Belge de Medecine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"[A longitudinal entomologic survey on the transmission of malaria in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]","volume":"28","author":"Rossi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"351","article-title":"Etude \u00e9cologique des Culicidae adultes et larvaires dans une rivi\u00e8re en vall\u00e9e du Kou, Burkina Faso","volume":"45","author":"Robert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"735","article-title":"Influence of deltamethrin treatment of bed nets on malaria transmission in the Kou valley, Burkina Faso","volume":"69","author":"Robert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2008)33[70:YTYASV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Year to year and seasonal variations in vector bionomics and malaria transmission in a humid savannah village in west Burkina Faso","volume":"33","author":"Dabire","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"187","article-title":"Comparaison de l\u2019end\u00e9mie malarienne dans une zone de riziculture et dans une zone de culture de coton dans la plaine de la Rusizi, Burundi","volume":"65","author":"Coosemans","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"57","article-title":"Le paludisme urbain \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9 (Cameroun). II: Etude entomologique dans deux quartiers peu urbanis\u00e9s. Commentaire","volume":"85","author":"Fondjo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"63","article-title":"Anopheles moucheti, vecteur principal du paludisme au sud-Cameroun","volume":"26","author":"Robert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bulletin de Liaison et de Documentation-OCEAC"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"309","article-title":"[Malaria transmission in an area of future vaccination in equatorial forest of south Cameroon]","volume":"92","author":"Meunier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990)"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"13","article-title":"Contribution of mosquito vectors in malaria transmission in an urban district of southern Cameroon","volume":"2","author":"Fils","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02726.x","article-title":"Daily survival and human blood index of major malaria vectors associated with oil palm cultivation in Cameroon and their role in malaria transmission","volume":"16","author":"Tanga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-5","article-title":"Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Bigoga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.009","article-title":"Ecological transition from natural forest to tea plantations: Effect on the dynamics of malaria vectors in the highlands of Cameroon","volume":"104","author":"Tanga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1997041075","article-title":"Comparison of three sampling methods of man-biting anophelines in order to estimate the malaria transmission in a village of south Cameroon","volume":"4","author":"Carnevale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"128","article-title":"Anopheles species and the transmission of malaria in the forest\/savannah transition zone in central Cameroon","volume":"90","author":"Manga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.901","article-title":"High malaria transmission intensity due to Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a village of savannah\u2013forest transition area in Cameroon","volume":"41","author":"Cohuet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Defo-Talom, B., Tagne-Fotso, R., Tene-Fossog, B., Ndo, C., Lehman, L.G., Tchuinkam, T., Kengne, P., and Awono-Ambene, P. (2012). High mosquito burden and malaria transmission in a district of the city of Douala, Cameroon. BMC Infect. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-275"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"43","article-title":"Malaria vectors and transmission in an area deforested for a new international airport in southern Cameroon","volume":"Volume 75","author":"Manga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annales-Societe Belge de Medecine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00590.x","article-title":"Anopheles nili as the main vector of human malaria in villages of southern Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Carnevale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.2.350","article-title":"High malaria transmission intensity in a village close to Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon","volume":"39","author":"Toto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koum, G., Yekel, A., Ndifon, B., Etang, J., and Simard, F. (2007). Design of a Two-level Adaptive Multi-Agent System for Malaria Vectors driven by an ontology. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-7-19"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerah-Hinzoumb\u00e9, C., P\u00e9ka, M., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Donan-Gouni, I., Awono-Ambene, P., Sam\u00e8-Ekobo, A., and Simard, F. (2009). Malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in Goulmoun, a rural city in south-western Chad. BMC Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-71"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"317","article-title":"Malaria in the forest region of Mayombe, People\u2019s Republic of the Congo. III. The role of malaria in general morbidity","volume":"68","author":"Richard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annales de la Societe belge de Medecine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00665.x","article-title":"Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: The entomological input","volume":"7","author":"Coene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"37","article-title":"Moustiquaires impr\u00e9gn\u00e9es contre le paludisme au Za\u00efre","volume":"73","author":"Karch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.607","article-title":"High seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in Eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in Africa","volume":"69","author":"Shililu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"155","article-title":"Seasonal abundance, vector behavior, and malaria parasite transmission in Eritrea","volume":"20","author":"Shililu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-350","article-title":"Agro-ecosystems impact malaria prevalence: Large-scale irrigation drives vector population in western Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Jaleta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-319","article-title":"The effect of screening doors and windows on indoor density of Anopheles arabiensis in south-west Ethiopia: A randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Massebo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-76","article-title":"Blood meal sources and entomological inoculation rates of anophelines along a highland altitudinal transect in south-central Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Animut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/14.2.180","article-title":"The bionomics and relative prevalence of Anopheles species with respect to the transmission of Plasmodium to man in western Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Krafsur","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00266-8","article-title":"Relationship between entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence rate, and incidence of malaria attack in rural Gabon","volume":"85","author":"Elissa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"4","article-title":"Malaria transmission intensity and dynamics of clinical malaria incidence in a mountaneous forest region of Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Badu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria World J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-314","article-title":"Patterns and seasonality of malaria transmission in the forest-savannah transitional zones of Ghana","volume":"9","author":"Dery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01162.x","article-title":"Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Appawu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-63","article-title":"Spatio-temporal malaria transmission patterns in Navrongo demographic surveillance site, northern Ghana","volume":"12","author":"Kasasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"263","article-title":"Malaria in Cote d\u2019Ivoire wet savannah region: The entomological input","volume":"46","author":"Doannio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol. Off. Organ Dtsch. Tropenmedizinische Ges. Dtsch. Ges. Fur Tech. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01054.x","article-title":"The relationship between Anopheles gambiae density and rice cultivation in the savannah zone and forest zone of Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"8","author":"Akodo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"327","article-title":"Impact d\u2019am\u00e9nagements de rizi\u00e8res sur la transmission du paludisme dans la ville de Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"91","author":"Doannio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"449","article-title":"Vectorial transmission of malaria in shrubby Savannah area at Ganse, Ivory Coast","volume":"66","author":"Adja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Sante Colonial"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"11","article-title":"Dynamics of malaria transmission in Kafine, a rice growing village in a humid savannah area of Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"95","author":"Doannio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990)"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"89","article-title":"The epidemiology of malaria in the southwestern forests of the Ivory Coast (Tai region)","volume":"95","author":"Nzeyimana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990)"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2005.00530.x","article-title":"Malaria transmission dynamics in central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: The influence of changing patterns of irrigated rice agriculture","volume":"19","author":"Koudou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812782","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the Ahero rice irrigation scheme and the Miwani sugar-belt in western Kenya","volume":"87","author":"Githeko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.124","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum infection rates in Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus in western Kenya","volume":"43","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.270","article-title":"Effect of rice cultivation on malaria transmission in central Kenya","volume":"78","author":"Muturi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.245","article-title":"Low-level Plasmodium falciparum transmission and the incidence of severe malaria infection on the Kenyan coast","volume":"49","author":"Mbogo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.3.377","article-title":"Malaria sporozoite detection by dissection and ELISA to assess infectivity of afrotropical Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"27","author":"Beier","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med Entomol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"206","article-title":"Dynamics of malaria transmission near two permanent breeding sites in Baringo district, Kenya","volume":"105","author":"Aniedu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00282.x","article-title":"Seasonal density, sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in a high altitude sugarcane growing zone in western Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Shililu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"507","article-title":"A simple epidemiological model for evaluating the malaria inoculation rate and the risk of infection in infants","volume":"51","author":"Pull","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1991.11812564","article-title":"Transmission and epidemiology of newly transmitted falciparum malaria in the central highland plateaux of Madagascar","volume":"85","author":"Lepers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.017","article-title":"Anthropophilic mosquitoes and malaria transmission in the eastern foothills of the central highlands of Madagascar","volume":"116","author":"Andrianaivolambo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.02.005","article-title":"Malaria transmission dynamics in Niono, Mali: The effect of the irrigation systems","volume":"101","author":"Sogoba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.310","article-title":"A high malaria reinfection rate in children and young adults living under a low entomological inoculation rate in a periurban area of Bamako, Mali","volume":"66","author":"Sagara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"23","article-title":"Observations on malaria vectors in Mozambique. I. The status of Anopheles populations before the start of mosquito control","volume":"3","author":"Zharov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia i Parazitarnye Bolezni"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2005)042[0180:ECOMTI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Entomological characteristics of malaria transmission in Manhica, a rural area in southern Mozambique","volume":"42","author":"Aranda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300023221","article-title":"Studies on Anopheles gambiae and A. melas in and around Lagos","volume":"38","author":"Thomson","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Molineaux, L., Gramiccia, G., and World Health Organization (1980). The Garki Project: Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"171","article-title":"Etude entomologique sur la transmission du paludisme humain dans le bassin du fleuve S\u00e9n\u00e9gal (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal)","volume":"65","author":"Vercruysse","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"157","article-title":"La transmission du paludisme dans des villages \u00e9loign\u00e9s u situ\u00e9s en bordure de la mangrove au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"87","author":"Faye","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.4.396","article-title":"Comparison of behavior and vector efficiency of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Barkedji, a Sahelian area of Senegal","volume":"34","author":"Lemasson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90506-X","article-title":"Four years entomological study of the transmission of seasonal malaria in Senegal and the bionomics of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis","volume":"91","author":"Fontenille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00288.x","article-title":"La transmission du paludisme dans la zone de Niakhar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"3","author":"Robert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"21","article-title":"Malaria in the Saharan region of Senegal. 1. Entomological transmission findings","volume":"73","author":"Faye","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annales de la Societe belge de Medecine Tropicale"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"821","article-title":"Epidemiology of seasonal falciparum malaria in an urban area in Senegal","volume":"61","author":"Vercruysse","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"201","article-title":"Comparaison de la transmission du paludisme dans deux faci\u00e8s \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal: La zone c\u00f4ti\u00e8re sah\u00e9lienne et la zone m\u00e9ridionale soudanienne","volume":"40","author":"Faye","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dakar M\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"164","article-title":"Vectorial capacity and entomological inoculation rates of Anopheles gambiae in a high rainfall forested area of southern Sierra Leone","volume":"46","author":"Bockarie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol. Off. Organ Dtsch. Tropenmedizinische Ges. Dtsch. Ges. Fur Tech. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812865","article-title":"Malaria in a rural area of Sierra Leone. III. Vector ecology and disease transmission","volume":"88","author":"Bockarie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00131.x","article-title":"Malaria infection potential of anopheline mosquitoes sampled by light trapping indoors in coastal Tanzanian villages","volume":"9","author":"Shiff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90408-6","article-title":"Irrigated crop production is associated with less malaria than traditional agricultural practices in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Ijumba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.243","article-title":"Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in infants in relation to exposure to sporozoite-infected anophelines","volume":"59","author":"Charlwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.706","article-title":"Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania","volume":"40","author":"Bodker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Lyimo, E.O.K. (1993). The Bionomics of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles Gambiae Sensu lato in Southeast Tanzania: Adult Size Variation and Its Effect on Female Fecundity, Survival and Malaria Transmission. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University & Research]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90068-M","article-title":"Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"223","article-title":"The bionomics of salt-water Anopheles gambiae in East Africa","volume":"27","author":"Iyengar","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.219","article-title":"Variation in malaria transmission intensity in seven sites throughout Uganda","volume":"75","author":"Okello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90344-9","article-title":"Highland malaria in Uganda: Prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino","volume":"93","author":"Lindblade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.267","article-title":"Seasonality, blood feeding behavior, and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by Anopheles arabiensis after an extended drought in southern Zambia","volume":"76","author":"Kent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bomblies, A., Duchemin, J.B., and Eltahir, E.A. (2008). Hydrology of malaria: Model development and application to a Sahelian village. Water Resour. Res., 44.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR006917"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0238.1","article-title":"African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 for Famine Early Warning Systems","volume":"52","author":"Novella","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-117","article-title":"The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and Middle East: Occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis","volume":"3","author":"Sinka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01563-X","article-title":"Distribution of African malaria mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"16","author":"Coetzee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0369","article-title":"Mapping the ranges and relative abundance of the two principal Africa malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis, using climate data","volume":"265","author":"Lindsay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-2","article-title":"Observations on the swarming and mating behaviour of Anopheles funestus from Southern Mozambique","volume":"2","author":"Charlwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"40","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting malaria parasite prevalence in rural Bolifamba, South-West Cameroon","volume":"13","author":"Ntonifor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12851868780388","article-title":"Contribution of An. funestus, An. gambiae, and An. nili (Diptera:Culicidae) to the perenial malaria transmission in the southern and western forest areas of Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"105","author":"Adja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.3.451","article-title":"Use of circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with microscopic examination of salivary glands for calculation of malaria infectivity rates in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cameroon","volume":"38","author":"Fontenille","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-111","article-title":"Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Kilama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X","article-title":"Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: Precision, accuracy and costs of metrics","volume":"Volume 84","author":"Tusting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1879","article-title":"Estimating the potential public health impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in African children","volume":"3","author":"Cairns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/5\/2\/31\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:12:24Z","timestamp":1760173944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/5\/2\/31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["data5020031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data5020031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]}}}