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Measuring the size of the crowd is a critical first step, but often challenging because of occlusions, noise and the dynamics of the crowd. We have been working on a passive Radio Frequency (RF) sensing technique for crowd size estimation, and we now present three datasets of measurements collected at the Tomorrowland music festival in environments containing thousands of people. All datasets have reference data, either based on payment transactions or an access control system, and we provide an example analysis script. We hope that future analyses can lead to an added value for crowd safety experts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data5020052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T08:49:11Z","timestamp":1591692551000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Large-Scale Dataset for Radio Frequency-Based Device-Free Crowd Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9280-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdil","family":"Kaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2014Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2014imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6447-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stijn","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2014Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2014imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-8128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Bellekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2014Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2014imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1152-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Weyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2014Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2014imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0064-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Berkvens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab\u2014Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp\u2014imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denis, S., Berkvens, R., and Weyn, M. (2019). A survey on detection, tracking and identification in radio frequency-based device-free localization. Sensors (Switzerland), 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235329"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2553452","article-title":"Best practice in RSS measurements and ranging","volume":"18","author":"Zanella","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-170421","article-title":"A realistic evaluation of indoor positioning systems based on Wi-Fi fingerprinting: The 2015 EvAAL\u2013ETRI competition","volume":"9","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kami\u0144ska-Chuchma\u0142a, A., and Gra\u00f1a, M. (2019). Indoor Crowd 3D Localization in Big Buildings from Wi-Fi Access Anonymous Data. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194211"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Qiu, C., Xi, W., and Zhao, J. (2011, January 16\u201318). Crowd density estimation using wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, MSN 2011, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSN.2011.31"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/1925861.1925870","article-title":"Tool release: Gathering 802.11n traces with channel state information","volume":"41","author":"Halperin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4396","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2806990","article-title":"Device-Free People Counting in IoT Environments: New Insights, Results, and Open Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Sobron","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, W., Zhao, J., Li, X.Y., Zhao, K., Tang, S., Liu, X., and Jiang, Z. (May, January 27). Electronic frog eye: Counting crowd using WiFi. Proceedings of the EEE INFOCOM 2014\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6847958"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2015). 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Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2015.7390420"}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/5\/2\/52\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:37:03Z","timestamp":1760175423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/5\/2\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["data5020052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data5020052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]}}}