{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:32:04Z","timestamp":1762353124322,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous water level records are required to detect long-term trends and analyse the climatological mechanisms responsible for extreme events. This paper compiles nine ocean water level records from gauges located along the New South Wales (NSW) coast of Australia. These gauges represent the longest and most complete records of hourly\u2014and in five cases 15-min\u2014water level data for this region. The datasets were adjusted to the vertical Australian Height Datum (AHD) and had the rainfall-related peaks removed from the records. The Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction (Utide) model was subsequently used to predict tides for datasets with at least 25 years of records to obtain the associated tidal residuals. Finally, we provide a series of examples of how this dataset can be used to analyse trends in tidal anomalies as well as extreme events and their causal processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data6100101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long-Term Dataset of Tidal Residuals in New South Wales, Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina N. A.","family":"Viola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}]},{"given":"Danielle C.","family":"Verdon-Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-2476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Hanslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coast and Marine Unit, Science Division, Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Newcastle, NSW 2309, Australia"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Newcastle, NSW 2093, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4332-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-12-00181.1","article-title":"Nineteenth-century North American and pacific tidal data: Lost or just forgotten","volume":"29","author":"Talke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010419-010727","article-title":"Changing Tides: The Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors","volume":"12","author":"Talke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000636","article-title":"The Tides They Are A-Changin\u2019: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Future Nonastronomical Changes in Tides, Their Driving Mechanisms, and Future Implications","volume":"58","author":"Haigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25410-y","article-title":"A Regional Scale Approach to Assessing Current and Potential Future Exposure to Tidal Inundation in Different Types of Estuaries","volume":"8","author":"Hanslow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Callaghan, D.P., Couriel, E., Hanslow, D.J., Modra, B., Fitzhenry, M., and Jacobs, R. (2017, January 21\u201323). Comparing extreme water levels using different techniques and impact of climate indices. Proceedings of the Australasian Coasts and Ports 2017 Conference, Cairns, Australia."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"McPherson, B., Young, S., Modra, B., Couriel, E., You, B., Hanslow, D.J., Callaghan, D.P., Baldock, T., and Nielsen, P. (2013, January 11\u201313). Penetration of Tides and Tidal Anomalies in New South Wales Estuaries. Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Coastal and Ocean Engineering Conference and the Australasian Port and Harbour Conference, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Pugh, D.T. (1996). Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level (Reprinted with Corrections), John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1357\/002224017821836761","article-title":"Tidal prediction","volume":"75","author":"Egbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1708(89)90017-1","article-title":"The harmonic analysis of tidal model time series","volume":"12","author":"Foreman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"MHL (1992). Mid New South. Wales Coastal Region. Tide-Storm Surge Analysis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC004033","article-title":"Tide-surge interaction and its role in the distribution of surge residuals in the North Sea","volume":"112","author":"Horsburgh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00029","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability and long-term trends in skew surges globally","volume":"3","author":"Mawdsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"MHL (2017). NSW Ocean. and River Entrance Tidal Levels Annual Summary 2016\u20132017."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Modra, B., and Hesse, S. (2011, January 8\u201311). NSW Ocean Water Levels. Proceedings of the 20th NSW Coastal Conference, Tweed Heads, Australia."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"MHL (2013). Tide Gauge Histories Metadata for National and NDW Tide Gauges."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20363","article-title":"A novel approach to flow estimation in tidal rivers","volume":"49","author":"Moftakhari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805428115","article-title":"River-discharge effects on United States Atlantic and Gulf coast sea-level changes","volume":"115","author":"Piecuch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1998.0422","article-title":"The propagation of tides up rivers with special considerations on the upper Saint Lawrence river","volume":"48","author":"Godin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008167","article-title":"Subtidal water level variation controlled by river flow and tides","volume":"45","author":"Buschman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impacts of Columbia River discharge on salmonid habitat: 2. Changes in shallow-water habitat","volume":"108","author":"Kukulka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1971.tb01803.x","article-title":"New Computations of the Tide-generating Potential","volume":"23","author":"Cartwright","year":"1971","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHO615.1","article-title":"Versatile harmonic tidal analysis: Improvements and applications","volume":"26","author":"Foreman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.04.011","article-title":"Enhancing tidal harmonic analysis: Robust (hybrid L1\/L2) solutions","volume":"29","author":"Leffler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(02)00013-4","article-title":"Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE","volume":"28","author":"Pawlowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Codiga, D.L. (2011). Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the UTide Matlab Functions, University of Rhode Islan."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"AHO (2011). Australian National Tide Tables 2012."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.06.007","article-title":"ENSO to multi-decadal time scale changes in East Australian Current transports and Fort Denison sea level: Oceanic Rossby waves as the connecting mechanism","volume":"58","author":"Holbrook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Deep Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"DCCEE (2011). Climate Change Risks to Coastal Buildings and Infrastructure."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1647-8","article-title":"Natural hazards in Australia: Sea level and coastal extremes","volume":"139","author":"McInnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Couriel, E., Modra, B., and Jacobs, R. (2014, January 28\u201331). NSW Sea Level Trends\u2014The Ups and Downs. Proceedings of the 17th Australian Hydrographers Association Conference, Sydney, Austrilia."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"MHL (2013). NDRP Tailwater Project Stage 2."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"PSMSL (2019, November 04). Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. Available online: https:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-10-00141.1","article-title":"Is there evidence yet of acceleration in mean sea level rise around Mainland Australia?","volume":"27","author":"Watson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Keysers, J.H., Quadros, N.D., and Collier, P.A. (2021, May 20). Vertical Datum Transformations across the Littoral Zone Datum before Integrating Land Height Data with Near. Available online: www.crcsi.com.au."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"MHL (2018). NSW Extreme Ocean. Water Levels."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Mhl, R., and NSW Office (2019). Review of NSW OEH Automatic Water Level Recorder Network."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00016.1","article-title":"Adaptation of Classical Tidal Harmonic Analysis to Nonstationary Tides, with Application to River Tides","volume":"30","author":"Matte","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matte, P., Secretan, Y., and Morin, J. (2014). Temporal and spatial variability of tidal-fluvial dynamics in the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary: An application of nonstationary tidal harmonic analysis. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 3868\u20133882.","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009791"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"MHL (2018). MHL Tidal Analysis Methodology Review."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bryant, E.A., and Kidd, R. (2021, May 20). Beach Erosion, May\u2013June, 1974, Central and South Coast, NSW. Available online: https:\/\/ro.uow.edu.au\/scipapers\/64."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20317","article-title":"Propagation characteristics of coastally trapped waves on the Australian Continental Shelf","volume":"118","author":"Woodham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.22499\/2.5801.004","article-title":"Low pressure systems off the New South Wales coast and associated hazardous weather: Establishment of a database","volume":"58","author":"Speer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Oceanogr. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482701002110","article-title":"The impact of eastern Australian cut-off lows on coastal sea levels","volume":"8","author":"McInnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortlock, T.R., Goodwin, I.D., McAneney, J.K., and Roche, K. (2017). The June 2016 Australian East Coast Low: Importance of wave direction for coastal erosion assessment. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9020121"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"OEH (2016). Eastern Seaboard Climate Change Initiative. East. Coast. Lows Research Program. Synthesis for NRM Stakeholders."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2020.102333","article-title":"Improved and extended tide gauge records for the British Isles leading to more consistent estimates of sea level rise and acceleration since 1958","volume":"184","author":"Hogarth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49350-1_11","article-title":"European Sea Level monitoring: Implementation of ESEAS quality control","volume":"130","author":"Raicich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Assoc. Geod. Symp."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Pouliquen, S. (2021, September 13). Recommendations for In-Situ Data Real Time Quality Control. [Version 1.2], Available online: https:\/\/eurogoos.eu\/download\/recommendations-for-in-situ-data-real-time-quality-control\/."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/6\/10\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:04:07Z","timestamp":1760166247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/6\/10\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["data6100101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data6100101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-5729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}}}