{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:58:34Z","timestamp":1780433914112,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["772284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41861134039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861134039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41941015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Labex OSUG@2020","award":["ANR10 LABX56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR10 LABX56"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDF\/2017\/002717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDF\/2017\/002717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most of the world\u2019s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data6100107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:19:32Z","timestamp":1633900772000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Retreat of Mountain Glaciers since the Little Ice Age: A Spatially Explicit Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8850-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Marta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Sergio","family":"Azzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4523-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Fugazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4646-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levan","family":"Tielidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pritam","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4036-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Sieron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Almond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ambrosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Anthelme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMAP, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Alviz Gazit\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Bhambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, Vo\u00dfstra\u00dfe 2\/4130, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Bonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Caccianiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Cauvy-Frauni\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, UR RIVERLY, INRAE, 69625 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Ceballos Lievano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales IDEAM, Bogot\u00e1 CP 110911, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2697-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Clague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justiniano Alejo","family":"Cochach\u00edn Rapre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Evaluaci\u00f3n de Glaciares y Lagunas, Autoridad Nacional del Agua, Huaraz 02002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dangles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University Paul Val\u00e9ry 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13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1704-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Science Museum, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigmund","family":"H\u00e5gvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, 1433 \u00c5s, 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Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurai","family":"Urseitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Frunze 533, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Weissling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas-San Antonio, Flawn Science Building (FLN), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Rabatel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gentile Francesco","family":"Ficetola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019ECologie Alpine, University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38610 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254702","article-title":"Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes","volume":"345","author":"Marzeion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1071-0","article-title":"Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016","volume":"568","author":"Zemp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-011-9121-7","article-title":"Estimating the Glacier Contribution to Sea-Level Rise for the Period 1800\u20132005","volume":"32","author":"Leclercq","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surv. 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