{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T15:05:24Z","timestamp":1774105524367,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of medicinal plants, particularly in the treatment of sexually transmitted and related infections, is ancient. These plants may well be used as alternative and complementary medicine to a variety of antibiotics that may possess limitations mainly due to an emerging enormous antimicrobial resistance. Several computerized database literature sources such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Scielo, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used to retrieve information on Fabaceae species used in the treatment and management of sexually transmitted and related infections in South Africa. The other information was sourced from various academic dissertations, theses, and botanical books. A total of 42 medicinal plant species belonging to the Fabaceae family, used in the treatment of sexually transmitted and related opportunistic infections associated with HIV-AIDS, have been documented. Trees were the most reported life form, yielding 47.62%, while Senna and Vachellia were the frequently cited genera yielding six and three species, respectively. Peltophorum africanum Sond. was the most preferred medicinal plant, yielding a frequency of citation of 14, while Vachellia karoo (Hayne) Banfi and Glasso as well as Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth. yielded 12 citations each. The most frequently used plant parts were roots, yielding 57.14%, while most of the plant species were administered orally after boiling (51.16%) until the infection subsided. Amazingly, many of the medicinal plant species are recommended for use to treat impotence (29.87%), while most common STI infections such as chlamydia (7.79%), gonorrhea (6.49%), syphilis (5.19%), genital warts (2.60%), and many other unidentified STIs that may include \u201cMakgoma\u201d and \u201cDivhu\u201d were less cited. Although there are widespread data on the in vitro evidence of the use of the Fabaceae species in the treatment of sexually transmitted and related infections, there is a need to explore the in vivo studies to further ascertain the use of species as a possible complementary and alternative medicine to the currently used antibiotics in both developing and underdeveloped countries. Furthermore, the toxicological profiles of many of these studies need to be further explored. The safety and efficacy of over-the-counter pharmaceutical products developed using these species also need to be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/data8110160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:28:25Z","timestamp":1698128905000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fabaceae: South African Medicinal Plant Species Used in the Treatment and Management of Sexually Transmitted and Related Opportunistic Infections Associated with HIV-AIDS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nkoana Ishmael","family":"Mongalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAES Laboratories, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Private Bag x06, Florida Park 0710, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maropeng Vellry","family":"Raletsena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAES Laboratories, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Private Bag x06, Florida Park 0710, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Private Bag x06, Florida Park 0710, South Africa"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176","article-title":"A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria","volume":"245","author":"Cock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7059323","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7059323","article-title":"Antimicrobial Importance of Medicinal Plants in Nigeria","volume":"2020","author":"Ugboko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112434","article-title":"Review: Southern African medicinal plants used as blood purifiers","volume":"249","author":"Frank","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komorowski, A.S., Lo, C.K., Kapoor, A.K., Smieja, M., Loeb, M., Mertz, D., and Bai, A.D. (2023). More than a decade since the latest CONSORT non-inferiority trials extension: Do infectious diseases trials do enough?. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciad574.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad574"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mongalo, N.I. (2022). Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Six South African Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted and Related Infections. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06077","article-title":"A taxonomic study of twelve wild forage species of Fabaceae","volume":"7","author":"Boasoul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"430","article-title":"New records of Indigofera cordifolia Heyne ex Roth. (Fabales: Fabaceae) in Saudi Arabia based on morphological and molecular evidence","volume":"13","author":"Alharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Biodiv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113101","article-title":"A review on traditionally used South African medicinal plants, their secondary metabolites and their potential development into anticancer agents","volume":"261","author":"Twilley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.002","article-title":"Medicinal plants used for contraception in South Africa: A review","volume":"235","author":"Moroole","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongalo, N.I., and Raletsena, M.V. (2022). An Inventory of South African Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Sexually Transmitted and Related Opportunistic Infections: An Appraisal and Some Scientific Evidence (1990\u20132020). Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233241"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v9i4.17","article-title":"Phytomedicine versus Gonorrhoea: The Bapedi experience","volume":"9","author":"Erasmus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.05.004","article-title":"An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Lwamondo area, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"88","author":"Mahwasane","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.01.012","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of invasive alien plant species used in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections in Waterberg District, South Africa","volume":"122","author":"Maema","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.09.020","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activity of traditional medicinal plants used against venereal diseases in South Africa","volume":"103","author":"Buwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buwa, L.V. (2006). Biological Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used against Venereal Diseases in South Africa. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.09.020"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"26","article-title":"In vitro activity medicinal plants of the Venda region, South Africa, against Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"23","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongalo, N.I., and Makhafola, T.J. (2018). Ethnobotanical Knowledge of the Lay People of Blouberg Area (Pedi Tribe), Limpopo Province, South Africa. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-018-0245-4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2019.772.776","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of Vachellia karroo Hayne Banfi and Galasso pods used traditionally for the treatment of venereal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Maposa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.03.022","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties and phenolic contents of medicinal plants used by the Venda people for conditions related to venereal diseases","volume":"135","author":"Mulaudzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.026","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and mutagenic evaluation of medicinal plants used by Venda people against venereal and related infections","volume":"146","author":"Mulaudzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.10.016","article-title":"Ethnobotanical assessment of medicinal plants used traditionally for treating diabetes in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"146","author":"Mudau","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulaudzi, R.B. (2012). Pharmacological Evaluation of Medicinal Plants Used by Venda People against Venereal and Related Diseases. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.02.037"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Masevhe, N.A. (2013). Isolation and Characterization of Antifungal Compounds from Clerodendron Glabrum var Glabrum (Verbenaceae) Used Traditionally to Treat Candidiasis in Venda, South Africa. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.10.009","article-title":"Medicinal plants used to manage sexually transmitted infections by Bapedi traditional health practitioners in the Blouberg area, South Africa","volume":"122","author":"Mathibela","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"331","article-title":"Herbal medicines used by Bapedi traditional healers to treat reproductive ailments in the Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Semenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1899","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of sixteen plant species from Phalaborwa, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Shai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR2012.940","article-title":"Erectile dysfunction: Definition and materia medica of Bapedi traditional healers in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Erasmus","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.01.001","article-title":"The Ethnobotany of Central Sekhukhuneland, South Africa","volume":"122","author":"Mogale","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"320","article-title":"Exotic and indigenous problem plants species used by the Bapedi to treat sexually transmitted infections in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Semenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.03.001","article-title":"Indigenous plant species used by Bapedi healers to treat sexually transmitted infections: Their distribution, harvesting, conservation and threats","volume":"87","author":"Semenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2010.09.017","article-title":"Ethnobotanical plant uses in the KwaNibela Peninsula, St. Lucia, South Africa","volume":"77","author":"Corrigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v14i5.11","article-title":"Invasive alien plants used in the treatment of HIV-AIDS-related symptoms by traditional healers of Vhembe Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Mbambala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609532","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2609532","article-title":"Medicinal plants traded in informal herbal medicine markets of the Limpopo Province","volume":"2019","author":"Rasethe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shai, K.N., Ncama, K., and Ndhlovu, P.T. (2020). An exploratory study on the diverse uses and benefits of locally sourced fruit species in three villages of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9111581"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.021","article-title":"A review of Khoisan and Cape Dutch medical ethnobotany","volume":"119","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2017.05.031","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of extracts from six South African medicinal plants used to treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and related infections","volume":"112","author":"Mongalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2965","article-title":"Antifungal activities of selected Venda medicinal plants against Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from South African AIDS patients","volume":"9","author":"Samie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2392","article-title":"Use, conservation, and present availability status of ethnomedicinal plants of Matebele-village in the Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Semenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP12.608","article-title":"Bapedi phytomedicine and their use in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Semenya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.02.012","article-title":"Zulu medicinal ethnobotany: New records from the Amandawe area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"122","author":"Mhlongo","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.045","article-title":"An antimicrobial investigation of plants used traditionally in southern Africa to treat sexually transmitted infections","volume":"130","author":"Naidoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.10.005","article-title":"Medicinal utilization of exotic plants by Bapedi traditional healers to treat human ailments in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"144","author":"Semenya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Mabogo, D.E.N. (1990). The Ethnobotany of the VhaVenda. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Pretoria]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.05.029","article-title":"An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners to manage HIV and its related opportunistic infections in Mpoza, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"171","author":"Gail","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.09.057","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, toxicity, and isolation of a bioactive compound from plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"96","author":"Tshikalange","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v13i6.13","article-title":"An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used in Villages under Jongilanga Tribal council, Mpumalanga, South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Tshikalange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.07.018","article-title":"Plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern Maputaland, South Africa: Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"149","author":"Naidoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2023.15.4","article-title":"Phytotherapy for sexually transmitted infections in Thaba Nchu, Free State Province, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Ngobeni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacog. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.01.042","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"154","author":"Dembetembe","year":"2003","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2014.12.007","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological evaluation of a traditional herbal remedy used to treat gonorrhoea in Limpopo province, South Africa","volume":"97","author":"Mulaudzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"15","article-title":"A survey of South African species used for the treatment of \u201cu wela\u201d in Venda culture, Limpopo Province","volume":"4","author":"Ramavhale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.06.007","article-title":"The ethnobotany and antimicrobial activity of selected medicinal plants from Ga-Mashashane, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"146","author":"Papo","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, K., Andrae-Marobela, K., and Tietjen, I. (2023). An ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traditionally used by the BaKalanga people of the Tutume subdistrict in Central Botswana to manage HIV\/AIDS, HIV-associated conditions, and other health conditions. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116759.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116759"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asfaw, M.M., and Abebe, F.B. (2021). Traditional medicinal plant species belonging to Fabaceae Family in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Plant Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.4081\/pb.2021.8473"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"401","article-title":"A comparative study of medicinal plants used in rural areas of Namibia and Zimbabwe","volume":"14","author":"Maroyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Trad. Knowled."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshi, M.J., Otieno, D.F., Mbabazi, P.K., and Weisheit, A. (2009). The ethnomedicine of the Haya people of Bugabo ward, Kagera Region, northwestern Tanzania. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-5-24"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.11.017","article-title":"The genus Senna (Fabaceae): A review on its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"138","author":"Oladeji","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobeh, M., Mahmoud, M.F., Hasan, R.A., Cheng, H., El-Shazly, A.M., and Wink, M. (2017). Senna singueana: Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiapoptotic properties and phytochemical profiling of a methanol bark extract. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091502"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14098","article-title":"Senna singueana (Delile) lock: Ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal properties","volume":"9","author":"Ripanda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.04.002","article-title":"Medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections by lay people in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu\u2013Natal Province, South Africa","volume":"78","author":"Nzama","year":"2012","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maroyi, A. (2013). Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: Review and perspectives. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-9-31"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"148","article-title":"Importance value of landscapes, flora and fauna to Tsonga communities in the rural areas of Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"103","author":"Anthony","year":"2007","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.09.007","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional healers in the management of HIV\/AIDS opportunistic diseases in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"122","author":"Chinsembu","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dube, S., Makhubela, N., Madikizela, L.M., Mongalo, N.I., Pakade, V.E., Maseko, B.R., and Ncube, S. (2023). Health Risk Assessment of Metals in African Aphrodisiacs: A case study of aqueous concoctions from Johannesburg and Durban herbal markets, South Africa. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042148"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kularatne, R.S., Niit, R., Rowley, J., Kufa-Chakezha, T., Peters, R.P.H., Taylor, M.M., Johnson, L.F., and Korenromp, E.L. (2018). Adult gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis prevalence, incidence, treatment and syndromic case reporting in South Africa: Estimates using the Spectrum-STI model, 1990\u20132017. PLoS ONE., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205863"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052953","article-title":"Estimating prevalence trends in adult gonorrhoea and syphilis in low- and middle-income countries with the Spectrum-STI model: Results for Zimbabwe and Morocco from 1995 to 2016","volume":"93","author":"Korenromp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"10","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in Africa: Time for action","volume":"20","author":"Gerbase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Afr. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/8\/11\/160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:45Z","timestamp":1760130645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5729\/8\/11\/160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["data8110160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/data8110160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]}}}