{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:53:12Z","timestamp":1774313592196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010683","name":"H2020 Security","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["833955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digital"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The technological leap of smart technologies and the Internet of Things has advanced the conventional model of the electrical power and energy systems into a new digital era, widely known as the Smart Grid. The advent of Smart Grids provides multiple benefits, such as self-monitoring, self-healing and pervasive control. However, it also raises crucial cybersecurity and privacy concerns that can lead to devastating consequences, including cascading effects with other critical infrastructures or even fatal accidents. This paper introduces a novel architecture, which will increase the Smart Grid resiliency, taking full advantage of the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technology. The proposed architecture called SDN-microSENSE architecture consists of three main tiers: (a) Risk assessment, (b) intrusion detection and correlation and (c) self-healing. The first tier is responsible for evaluating dynamically the risk level of each Smart Grid asset. The second tier undertakes to detect and correlate security events and, finally, the last tier mitigates the potential threats, ensuring in parallel the normal operation of the Smart Grid. It is noteworthy that all tiers of the SDN-microSENSE architecture interact with the SDN controller either for detecting or mitigating intrusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/digital1040013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T10:22:42Z","timestamp":1632997362000},"page":"173-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["SDN-Based Resilient Smart Grid: The SDN-microSENSE Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1605-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis Radoglou","family":"Grammatikis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6042-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Sarigiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0210-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Dalamagkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Testing Research & Standards Center of Public Power Corporation SA, Leontariou 9, Kantza, 15351 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2028-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Spyridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinity Limited, 2A Heigham Road Imperial Offices, London E6 2JG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Lagkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, 14th km Thessaloniki, 57001 Nea Moudania, Greece"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Efstathopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinity Limited, 2A Heigham Road Imperial Offices, London E6 2JG, UK"}]},{"given":"Achilleas","family":"Sesis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinity Limited, 2A Heigham Road Imperial Offices, London E6 2JG, UK"}]},{"given":"Ignacio Labrador","family":"Pavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATOS Spain SA, Calle De Albarracin 25, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9598-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben Trapero","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATOS Spain SA, Calle De Albarracin 25, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATOS Spain SA, Calle De Albarracin 25, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0309-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Sarigiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidroco Holdings Ltd., Petraki Giallourou 22, Office 11, Nicosia 1077, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Papamartzivanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBITECH Limited, 26 Nikou & Despinas Pattchi, Limassol 3071, Cyprus"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2446-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Anna","family":"Menesidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBITECH Limited, 26 Nikou & Despinas Pattchi, Limassol 3071, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Giannis","family":"Ledakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBITECH Limited, 26 Nikou & Despinas Pattchi, Limassol 3071, Cyprus"}]},{"given":"Achilleas","family":"Pasias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanasis","family":"Kotsiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Drosou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orestis","family":"Mavropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyberlens Ltd., 10 12 Mulberry Green Old Harlow, Essex CM17 0ET, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba Colet","family":"Subirachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacio Institut De Recerca De L\u2019Energia De Catalunya (IREC), C\/ Jardins De Les Dones De Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adria de Besos, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0425-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pol Paradell","family":"Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacio Institut De Recerca De L\u2019Energia De Catalunya (IREC), C\/ Jardins De Les Dones De Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adria de Besos, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0483-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacio Institut De Recerca De L\u2019Energia De Catalunya (IREC), C\/ Jardins De Les Dones De Negre 1, 08930 Sant Adria de Besos, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Cientifico Y Tecnologico De Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 700, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2877-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molinuevo Martin","family":"Alberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Cientifico Y Tecnologico De Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 700, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, 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