{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:09:21Z","timestamp":1774368561346,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Culture"},{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Konstanz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digital"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Network effects, economies of scale, and lock-in-effects increasingly lead to a concentration of digital resources and capabilities, hindering the free and equitable development of digital entrepreneurship, new skills, and jobs, especially in small communities and their small and medium-sized enterprises (\u201cSMEs\u201d). To ensure the affordability and accessibility of technologies, promote digital entrepreneurship and community well-being, and protect digital rights, we propose data cooperatives as a vehicle for secure, trusted, and sovereign data exchange. In post-pandemic times, community\/SME-led cooperatives can play a vital role by ensuring that supply chains to support digital commons are uninterrupted, resilient, and decentralized. Digital commons and data sovereignty provide communities with affordable and easy access to information and the ability to collectively negotiate data-related decisions. Moreover, cooperative commons (a) provide access to the infrastructure that underpins the modern economy, (b) preserve property rights, and (c) ensure that privatization and monopolization do not further erode self-determination, especially in a world increasingly mediated by AI. Thus, governance plays a significant role in accelerating communities\u2019\/SMEs\u2019 digital transformation and addressing their challenges. Cooperatives thrive on digital governance and standards such as open trusted application programming interfaces (\u201cAPIs\u201d) that increase the efficiency, technological capabilities, and capacities of participants and, most importantly, integrate, enable, and accelerate the digital transformation of SMEs in the overall process. This review article analyses an array of transformative use cases that underline the potential of cooperative data governance. These case studies exemplify how data and platform cooperatives, through their innovative value creation mechanisms, can elevate digital commons and value chains to a new dimension of collaboration, thereby addressing pressing societal issues. Guided by our research aim, we propose a policy framework that supports the practical implementation of digital federation platforms and data cooperatives. This policy blueprint intends to facilitate sustainable development in both the Global South and North, fostering equitable and inclusive data governance strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/digital3030011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T01:17:46Z","timestamp":1688087866000},"page":"146-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Unlocking the Power of Digital Commons: Data Cooperatives as a Pathway for Data Sovereign, Innovative and Equitable Digital Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Max","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Konstanz University of Applied Sciences (HTWG), 78462 Konstanz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4269-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, WISERD, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK"},{"name":"Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Cane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Governance Directorate, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 75016 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Jelinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Governance, Hertie School of Governance, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Astha","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aapti Institute, Bengaluru 560042, Karnataka, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9700-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morshed","family":"Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Schuman Centre, European University Institute, Piazza S. Domenico, 50014 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameer","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotterdam School of Management (RSM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Mookerje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naveen Jindal School of Management, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"N\u00fcbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Process Management, Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pentland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connection Science, MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"Trebor","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform Cooperativism Consortium, The New School, New York, NY 10003, USA"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Siddarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collective Intelligence Project, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Open Data Manchester, Manchester M60 0AS, UK"}]},{"given":"Bapu","family":"Vaitla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data2X, Washington, DC 20006, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Future Energy Networks, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehdonvirta, V. 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