{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:56:11Z","timestamp":1760057771795,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Diponegoro University","award":["No. 1276\/UN7.J7\/DK\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1276\/UN7.J7\/DK\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Wahyu Caesarendra","award":["No. 1276\/UN7.J7\/DK\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1276\/UN7.J7\/DK\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digital"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an application of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm combined with the Logistic Regression (LR) method in the lead acid battery charging process. The ACO algorithm is used to obtain the best current pattern in the battery charging system to produce a smart charging system with a fast and safe charging current for the battery. The best current pattern is conducted gradually and repeatedly to obtain termination in the form of the best current pattern according to the ACO algorithm. The results of the algorithm design produce a current pattern consisting of 10 A, 5 A, 3 A, 2 A, and 0 A. The charging system with this algorithm can charge all types of lead acid batteries. In this research, the capacity of battery 1\u2019s State of Charge (SOC) is 56%, battery 2\u2019s SOC is 62%, and battery 3\u2019s SOC is 80%. When recharging the battery\u2019s full condition to a SOC of 100%, the length of time for charging battery 1 for 12.73 min, battery 2 takes 15.73 min, and battery 3 takes 29.11 min. Smart charging with the ACO can charge the battery safely without current fluctuations compared to charging without an algorithm such that the amount of charging current used is not dangerous for the battery. In addition, data analysis is carried out to determine the value of accuracy in estimating SOC charging using supervised learning linear regression. The results of the data analysis with linear regression show that the battery\u2019s SOC estimation has good accuracy, with an RMSE value of 0.32 and an MAE of 0.27.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/digital5010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T06:45:42Z","timestamp":1740725142000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Battery Current Estimation and Prediction During Charging with Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Selamat","family":"Muslimin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Palembang 30139, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Ekawati","family":"Prihatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Palembang 30139, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Nyayu Latifah","family":"Husni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Palembang 30139, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0239-1538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tresna","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Palembang 30139, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Mukhidin","family":"Wartam Bin Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei"}]},{"given":"Auvi Crisanta Ana","family":"Bela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Palembang 30139, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Sri Utami","family":"Handayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Design Engineering, Vocational School, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9784-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wahyu","family":"Caesarendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, Lot 13149, Block 5 Kuala Baram Land District, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 76 Pr\u00f3szkowska Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107389","article-title":"Path to the Sustainable Development of China\u2019s Secondary Lead Industry: An Overview of the Current Status of Waste Lead-Acid Battery Recycling","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. 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