{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T16:48:26Z","timestamp":1768582106977,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When a body approaches equilibrium, energy tends to a minimum and entropy tends to a maximum. Often, or usually, the two tendencies favour different configurations of the body. Thus energy is deterministic in the sense that it favours fixed positions for the atoms, while entropy randomizes the positions. Both may exert considerable forces in the attempt to reach their objectives. Therefore they have to compromise; indeed, under most circumstances it is the available free energy which achieves a minimum. For low temperatures that free energy is energy itself, while for high temperatures it is determined by entropy. Several examples are provided for the roles of energy and entropy as competitors: \u2013 Planetary atmospheres; \u2013 osmosis; \u2013 phase transitions in gases and liquids and in shape memory alloys, and \u2013 chemical reactions, viz. the Haber Bosch synthesis of ammonia and photosynthesis. Some historical remarks are strewn through the text to make the reader appreciate the difficulties encountered by the pioneers in understanding the subtlety of the concept of entropy, and in convincing others of the validity and relevance of their arguments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e10040462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T04:43:28Z","timestamp":1224045808000},"page":"462-476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Entropy and Energy, \u2013 a Universal Competition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ingo","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, I., and Weiss, W. (2005). Entropy and Energy: a Universal Competition, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Weitere Studien \u00fcber das W\u00e4rmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolek\u00fclen","volume":"66","author":"Boltzmann","year":"1872","journal-title":"Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien (II)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00161-003-0128-2","article-title":"Molecular dynamics of a 2D model fort the shape memory effect. Part I (Model and simulation)","volume":"15","author":"Kastner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cont. Mech. & Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s001610050060","article-title":"Plant growth \u2013 a thermodynamicist\u00b4s view","volume":"9","author":"Klippel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cont. Mech. & Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1080\/00018730210155133","article-title":"The Fluctuation Theorem","volume":"51","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustamante, C., Liphardt, J., and Ritort, F. (2005). The Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Small Systems. Phys. Today., 43\u201348.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2012462"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104555","article-title":"Fluctuation Theorems","volume":"59","author":"Sevick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/10\/4\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:21:03Z","timestamp":1760221263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/10\/4\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["e10040462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e10040462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]]}}}