{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:40:55Z","timestamp":1760244055717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,13]],"date-time":"2008-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1226534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the identification of hurricanes in low-resolution global climate models (GCM). As hurricanes are not fully resolvable at the coarse resolution of the GCMs (typically 2.5 \u00d7 2.5 deg), indirect methods such as analyzing the environmental conditions favoring hurricane formation have to be sought. Nonetheless, the dynamical cores of the models have limitations in simulating hurricane formation, which is a far from fully understood process. Here, it is shown that variations in the specific entropy rather than in dynamical variables can be used as a proxy of the hurricane intensity as estimated by the Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE). The main application of this research is to ascertain the changes in the hurricane frequency and intensity in future climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e10040613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,13]],"date-time":"2008-11-13T10:04:08Z","timestamp":1226570648000},"page":"613-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hurricane Footprints in Global Climate Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6773-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco  J.","family":"Tapiador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emanuel, K.A. (1987). The dependence of hurricane intensity on climate. Nature, 483\u2013485.","DOI":"10.1038\/326483a0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo202","article-title":"Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions","volume":"1","author":"Knutson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2007.00238.x","article-title":"Tropical cyclone genesis potential index in climate models","volume":"59","author":"Camargo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.84.259","article-title":"Tropical cyclone climatology in a global-warming climate as simulated in a 20 km-mesh global atmospheric model: Frequency and wind intensity analyses","volume":"84","author":"Oouchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Emanuel, K.A., and Nolan, D.S. Tropical cyclone activity and global climate. Proc. of 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01030791","article-title":"Dissipative heating and hurricane intensity","volume":"52","author":"Bister","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meteor. Atm. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.31.100901.141259","article-title":"Tropical Cyclones","volume":"31","author":"Emanuel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapiador, F.J., Gaertner, M.A., Romera, R., and Castro, M. (2007). A Multisource analysis of hurricane Vince. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-7-1027"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.176","article-title":"The ERA-40 re-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Uppala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quart. JR Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emanuel, K.A. (1994). Atmospheric Convection, Oxford Univ. Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195066302.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3570.1","article-title":"An equation for moist entropy in a precipitating and icy atmosphere","volume":"62","author":"Zeng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Salby, M.L. (1996). Fundamentals of atmospheric physics, Elsevier."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/10\/4\/613\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1760221268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/10\/4\/613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,13]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["e10040613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e10040613","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,13]]}}}