{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T23:11:29Z","timestamp":1760224289973,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,26]],"date-time":"1999-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lin proposed earlier based on qualitative considerations that electronic motion was associated with negative absolute temperature. Here, a local temperature formula is proposed for electronic motion in atoms and molecules, which allows the existence of negative absolute temperature in a local sense in thermodynamic equilibrium. The proposed temperature formula is a function of total energy density \u03b5(r), entropy density s(r) and electron density \u03c1(r).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e1010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,25]],"date-time":"2008-10-25T13:44:42Z","timestamp":1224942282000},"page":"4-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On the Sign of Local Temperature in Molecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Kolossv\u00e1ry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Information Technology, Technical University of Budapest, Szt. Gell\u00e9rt t\u00e9r 4, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary"},{"name":"Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, NJ 07901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyson, F. J. (1954). What is heat?. Sci. Am., 58\u201363.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0954-58"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.103.20","article-title":"Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics at negative absolute temperatures","volume":"103","author":"Ramsey","year":"1956","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu-Kun Lin proposed for the first time, based on qualitative considerations that electronic motion in atoms and molecules could be linked to the negative temperature concept.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t        (a)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              Lin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              S.-K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  Negative temperature of electronic motion in atoms and molecules\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  Paper presented at the Second International Congress on Theoretical Chemical Physics\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  New Orleans, Louisiana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t April 9-13 1996\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  (http:\/\/www.unibas.ch\/mdpi\/negt.htm)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t        (b)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              Lin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              S.-K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t          Understanding structural stability and process spontaneity based on the rejection of the Gibbs paradox of entropy of mixing\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t          J. 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AIMPAC."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/1\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:28:47Z","timestamp":1760221727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/1\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,26]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["e1010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e1010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,26]]}}}