{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:41:23Z","timestamp":1773272483114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]],"date-time":"2011-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>All contemporary living cells are composed of a collection of self-assembled molecular elements that by themselves are non-living but through the creation of a network exhibit the emergent properties of self-maintenance, self-reproduction, and evolution. This short review deals with the on-going research that aims at either understanding how life emerged on the early Earth or creating artificial cells assembled from a collection of small chemicals. In particular, this article focuses on the work carried out to investigate how self-assembled compartments, such as amphiphile and lipid vesicles, contribute to the emergent properties as part of a greater system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e13020466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]],"date-time":"2011-02-10T14:52:26Z","timestamp":1297349546000},"page":"466-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Primitive Membrane Formation, Characteristics and Roles in the Emergent Properties of a Protocell"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah Elizabeth","family":"Maurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FLinT Center, Department for Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 4230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Alain","family":"Monnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FLinT Center, Department for Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 4230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/35053176","article-title":"Synthesizing life","volume":"409","author":"Szostak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-005-0056-z","article-title":"Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: A review","volume":"93","author":"Luisi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1162\/106454603322392479","article-title":"Bridging nonliving and living matter","volume":"9","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Artif. 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