{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:35:47Z","timestamp":1774524947957,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many cities around the World have established the development objective of becoming a low-carbon city. Evaluation of such a city is important for its progress. A new evaluation framework of urban low-carbon development level is proposed in this paper, which integrates synthetic evaluation based on a bottom-up idea and analytical diagnosis based on a top-down idea. Further, set pair analysis is combined for synthetic evaluation and analytical diagnosis by comparing urban low-carbon development levels of different cities, through which the comprehensive state of urban low-carbon development level can be obtained and limiting factors identified. Based on the proposed framework and set pair analysis, low-carbon development levels of 12 Chinese cities are compared. Some suggestions are provided, based on results of overall situations of urban low-carbon development level and concrete performances of various factors and specific indicators. We conclude that both synthetic evaluation and analytical diagnosis are important for evaluation of urban low-carbon development level. The proposed framework and method can be widely applied in the evaluation of different cities over a long-term period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e15041171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T13:02:08Z","timestamp":1364389328000},"page":"1171-1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Evaluation of a Low-Carbon City: Method and Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meirong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment\/ No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St., Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment\/ No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St., Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment\/ No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St., Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment\/ No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St., Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment\/ No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St., Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UK Department of Trade and Industry (2003). 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