{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:02:18Z","timestamp":1773532938489,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Entanglement concentration is of most importance in long distance quantum communication and quantum computation. It is to distill maximally entangled states from pure partially entangled states based on the local operation and classical communication. In this review, we will mainly describe two kinds of entanglement concentration protocols. One is to concentrate the partially entangled Bell-state, and the other is to concentrate the partially entangled W state. Some protocols are feasible in current experimental conditions and suitable for the optical, electric and quantum-dot and optical microcavity systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e15051776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T10:39:12Z","timestamp":1368700752000},"page":"1776-1820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Quantum Entanglement Concentration Based on Nonlinear Optics for Quantum Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu-Bo","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Signal Processing Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"College of Mathematics & Physics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.A., and Chuang, I.L. (2000). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.145","article-title":"Quantum cryptography","volume":"74","author":"Gisin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.70.1895","article-title":"Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels","volume":"70","author":"Bennett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.67.661","article-title":"Quantum cryptography based on Bell\u2019s theorem","volume":"67","author":"Ekert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.68.557","article-title":"Quantum cryptography without Bell\u2019s theorem","volume":"68","author":"Bennett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bennett, C.H., and Brassard, G. (1984, January 10\u201319). Quantum Cryptography: Public Key Distribution and Coin Tossing. Proceedings of IEEE international Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore, India."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.032302","article-title":"Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme","volume":"65","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042317","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.042317","article-title":"Two-step quantum direct communication protocol using the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair block","volume":"68","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.044305","article-title":"Quantum secure direct communication with high-dimension quantum superdense coding","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.1829","article-title":"Quantum secret sharing","volume":"59","author":"Hillery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.162","article-title":"Quantum entanglement for secret sharing and secret splitting","volume":"59","author":"Karlsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.69.052307","article-title":"Efficient multiparty quantum-secret-sharing schemes","volume":"69","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.5932","article-title":"Quantum repeaters: The role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication","volume":"81","author":"Briegel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.190503","article-title":"Quantum repeaters with photon pair sources and multimode memories","volume":"98","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.33","article-title":"Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics","volume":"83","author":"Sangouard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/35106500","article-title":"Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics","volume":"414","author":"Duan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030302(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.63.030302","article-title":"Entanglement manipulation and concentration","volume":"63","author":"Thew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022320","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.64.022320","article-title":"Mixed state entanglement: Manipulating polarization-entangled photons","volume":"64","author":"Thew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.76.722","article-title":"Purification of noisy entanglement and faithful teleportation via noisy channels","volume":"76","author":"Bennett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/35074041","article-title":"Entanglement purification for quantum communication","volume":"410","author":"Pan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.257901","article-title":"Polarization entanglement purification using spatial entanglement","volume":"89","author":"Simon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.77.042308","article-title":"Efficient polarization-entanglement purification based on parametric down-conversion sources with cross-Kerr nonlinearity","volume":"77","author":"Sheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.032307","article-title":"Deterministic entanglement purification and complete nonlocal Bell-state analysis with hyperentanglement","volume":"81","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.044305","article-title":"One-step deterministic polarization-entanglement purification using spatial entanglement","volume":"82","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062316","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.062316","article-title":"One-step error correction for multipartite polarization entanglement","volume":"83","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052312","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.052312","article-title":"Efficient multipartite entanglement purification with the entanglement link from a subspace","volume":"84","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.044304","article-title":"Deterministic polarization-entanglement purification using spatial entanglement","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.004093","article-title":"Atomic entanglement purification and concentration using coherent state input-output process in low-Q cavity QED regime","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25685","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.025685","article-title":"Entanglement purification based on hybrid entangled state using quantum-dot and microcavity coupled system","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Exp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.53.2046","article-title":"Concentrating partial entanglement by local operations","volume":"53","author":"Bennett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.60.194","article-title":"Purification via entanglement swapping and conserved entanglement","volume":"60","author":"Bose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.62.054301","article-title":"Optimal entanglement purification via entanglement swapping","volume":"62","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.64.014301","article-title":"Practical scheme for entanglement concentration","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.64.012304","article-title":"Concentration and purification scheme for two partially entangled photon pairs","volume":"64","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.207901","article-title":"Experimental realization of entanglement concentration and a quantum repeater","volume":"90","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01358","article-title":"Experimental extraction of an entangled photon pair from two identically decohered pairs","volume":"421","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.060302","article-title":"Entanglement concentration by ordinary linear optical devices without postselection","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.017901","article-title":"Robust polarization-based quantum key distribution over a collective-noise channel","volume":"92","author":"Boileau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.040503","article-title":"Faithful qubit distribution assisted by one additional qubit against collective noise","volume":"95","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2794433","article-title":"Faithful qubit transmission against collective noise without ancillary qubits","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"913","article-title":"Passively self-error-rejecting qubit transmission over a collective-noise channel","volume":"91","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wilde, M.M. (2012). From Classical to Quantum Shannon Theory, Cambridge University Press. in press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.250502","article-title":"Nearly deterministic linear optical controlled-not gate","volume":"93","author":"Nemoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.79.022301","article-title":"Quantum control gates with weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munro, W.J., Nemoto, K., and Spiller, T.P. (2005). Weak nonlinearities: A new route to optical quantum computation. New J. Phys.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812774705_0006"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060302(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.060302","article-title":"Symmetry analyzer for nondestructive Bell-state detection using weak nonlinearities","volume":"71","author":"Barrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4266\/7\/5\/002","article-title":"Preparable ensembles for remote state preparation","volume":"7","author":"Kurucz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Opt. B"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032318","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.032318","article-title":"Complete hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis for quantum communication","volume":"82","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042310","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.80.042310","article-title":"Single-photon logic gates using minimal resources","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052323","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.79.052323","article-title":"Creation of high-quality long-distance entanglement with flexible resources","volume":"79","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033819","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.033819","article-title":"High-efficiency quantum-nondemolition single-photon-number-resolving detector","volume":"71","author":"Munro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042332","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.042332","article-title":"Efficient quantum entanglement distribution over an arbitrary collective-noise channel","volume":"81","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062325","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.77.062325","article-title":"Nonlocal entanglement concentration scheme for partially entangled multipartite systems with nonlinear optics","volume":"77","author":"Sheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.012307","article-title":"Efficient single-photon-assisted entanglement concentration for partially entangled photon pairs","volume":"85","author":"Sheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"272","article-title":"Single-photon entanglement concentration for long distance quantum communication","volume":"10","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Comput."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munro, W.J., Nemoto, K., Spiller, T.P., Beausoleil, R.G., Kok, P., and Barrett, S.D. (2005). Optical quantum information processing utilizing weak nonlinearities: A little goes a long way. Proc. SPIE, 5893, Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging III, 58930I.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.613614"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-4075\/36\/21\/005","article-title":"Entanglement distillation for three-particle W class states","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2006.08.018","article-title":"Entanglement concentration for unknown W class states","volume":"374","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012317","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.012317","article-title":"Optimal distillation of three-qubit W states","volume":"82","author":"Yildiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.042302","article-title":"Efficient two-step entanglement concentration for arbitrary W states","volume":"85","author":"Sheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.30.000071","article-title":"Efficient entanglement concentration for arbitrary single-photon multimode W state","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.706","article-title":"Unconditional quantum teleportation","volume":"282","author":"Furusawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.167903","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of tripartite entanglement and controlled dense coding for continuous variables","volume":"90","author":"Jing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080404","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.91.080404","article-title":"Experimental creation of a fully inseparable tripartite continuous-variable state","volume":"91","author":"Aoki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012319","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.012319","article-title":"Experiment towards continuous-variable entanglement swapping: Highly correlated four-partite quantum state","volume":"68","author":"Lorenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062306","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.062306","article-title":"Multiqubit W states lead to stronger nonclassicality than Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states","volume":"68","author":"Sen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062314","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.62.062314","article-title":"Three qubits can be entangled in two inequivalent ways","volume":"62","author":"Vidal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.052308","article-title":"Robustness of entanglement as a resource","volume":"82","author":"Chaves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053054","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/5\/053054","article-title":"Extreme nonlocality with one photon","volume":"13","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"070503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.070503","article-title":"Longer-Baseline Telescopes using quantum repeaters","volume":"109","author":"Gottesman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023815","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.023815","article-title":"Heralded photon amplification for quantum communication","volume":"86","author":"Osorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510802091298","article-title":"Quantum optical metrology-the lowdown on high-N00N states","volume":"49","author":"Dowling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contemp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.3865","article-title":"Improvement of frequency standards with quantum entanglement","volume":"79","author":"Huelga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02493","article-title":"Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state","volume":"429","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02552","article-title":"De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state","volume":"429","author":"Walther","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natue"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138007","article-title":"Beating the standard quantum limit with four-entangled photons","volume":"316","author":"Nagata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.65.1838","article-title":"Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states","volume":"65","author":"Mermin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.2733","article-title":"Quantum interferometric optical lithography: Exploiting entanglement to beat the diffraction limit","volume":"85","author":"Boto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R4649","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.54.R4649","article-title":"Optimal frequency measurements with maximally correlated states","volume":"54","author":"Bollinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.013602","article-title":"Two-photon diffraction and quantum lithography","volume":"87","author":"Chekhova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032308","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.032308","article-title":"Simple proof of fault tolerance in the graph-state model","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033823","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.033823","article-title":"Feasibility of Bell tests with the W state","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0472-x","article-title":"Efficient entanglement concentration for arbitrary less-entangled NOON states","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.020501","article-title":"Charge detection enables free-electron quantum computation","volume":"93","author":"Beenakker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032325","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.65.032325","article-title":"Classical simulation of noninteracting-fermion quantum circuits","volume":"65","author":"Terhal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.014301","article-title":"Cluster-state preparation and multipartite entanglement analyzer with fermions","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.064301","article-title":"Electronic entanglement purification scheme enhanced by charge detections","volume":"71","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0427-2","article-title":"High-efficiency multipartite entanglement purification of electron-spin states with charge detection","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2010.11.018","article-title":"Multipartite electronic entanglement purification with charge detection","volume":"375","author":"Sheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, Y.B., Zhou, L., Cheng, W.W., Gong, L.Y., and Zhao, S.M. (2013). Efficient electronic entanglement concentration assisted with single mobile electron. Chin. Phys. B, accepted.","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/22\/11\/110303"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0397-4","article-title":"Multipartite electronic entanglement purification using quantum-dot spin and microcavity system","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235331","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.235331","article-title":"Parity meter for charge qubits: An efficient quantum entangler","volume":"73","author":"Trauzettel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032339","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.75.032339","article-title":"Entangling spins by measuring charge: A parity-gate toolbox","volume":"75","author":"Ionicioiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2009.03.051","article-title":"Efficient polarization entanglement concentration for electrons with charge detection","volume":"373","author":"Sheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.153601","article-title":"Dipole induced transparency in drop-filter cavity-waveguide systems","volume":"96","author":"Waks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.160503","article-title":"CNOT and Bell-state analysis in the weak-coupling cavity QED regime","volume":"104","author":"Bonato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125318","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.78.125318","article-title":"Deterministic photon entangler using a charged quantum dot inside a microcavity","volume":"78","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205326","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.80.205326","article-title":"Proposed entanglement beam splitter using a quantum- dot spin in a double-sided optical microcavity","volume":"80","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08124","article-title":"A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies","volume":"459","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.032307","article-title":"Entanglement purification and concentration of electron-spin entangled states using quantum-dot spins in optical microcavities","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012323","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.012323","article-title":"Efficient entanglement concentration for partially entangled electrons using a quantum-dot and microcavity coupled system","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0502-8","article-title":"Efficient entanglement concentration for quantum dot and optical microcavities systems","volume":"12","author":"Sheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.062305","article-title":"Single-photon Kerr nonlinearities do not help quantum computation","volume":"73","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, J.H., and Razavi, M. (2007). Continuous-time cross-phase modulation and quantum computation. New J. Phys.","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/9\/1\/016"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043823","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.043823","article-title":"Impossibility of large phase shifts via the giant Kerr effect with single-photon wave packets","volume":"81","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053826","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.053826","article-title":"Cross-Kerr nonlinearity between continuous-mode coherent states and single photons","volume":"83","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133603","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.107.133603","article-title":"Amplifying single-photon nonlinearity using weak measurements","volume":"107","author":"Feizpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23364","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.023364","article-title":"Giant Kerr nonlinearity, controlled entangled photons and polarization phase gates in coupled quantum-well structures","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/37539","article-title":"Experimental quantum teleportation","volume":"390","author":"Bouwmeester","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.034305","article-title":"Atomic and photonic entanglement concentration via photonic Faraday rotation","volume":"86","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022311","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.85.022311","article-title":"Optimal nonlocal multipartite entanglement concentration based on projection measurements","volume":"85","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.29.001399","article-title":"Single-photon-assisted entanglement concentration of a multi-photon system in a partially entangled W state with weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.29.001685","article-title":"Single-photon-assisted entanglement concentration of partially entangled multiphoton W states with linear optics","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-012-0511-7","article-title":"Efficient entanglement concentration for electron-spin W state with the charge detection","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quant. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.30.000678","article-title":"Efficient W-state entanglement concentration using quantum-dot and optical microcavities","volume":"30","author":"Sheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.27.002159","article-title":"Linear-optics-based entanglement concentration of unknown partially entangled three photon W states","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.28.002030","article-title":"Schemes for entanglement concentration of two unknown partially entangled states with cross-Kerr nonlinearity","volume":"28","author":"Xiong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.30.001069","article-title":"Entanglement concentration for arbitrary unknown less-entangled three-photon W states with linear optics","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/15\/5\/1776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:46Z","timestamp":1760219206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/15\/5\/1776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["e15051776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e15051776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]}}}