{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T11:51:02Z","timestamp":1779018662616,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To monitor water quality continuously over the entire sewer network is important for efficient management of the system. However, it is practically impossible to implement continuous water quality monitoring of all junctions of a sewer system due to budget constraints. Therefore, water quality monitoring locations must be selected as those points which are the most representative of the dataset throughout a system. However, the optimal selection of water quality monitoring locations in urban sewer networks has rarely been studied. This study proposes a method for the optimal selection of water quality monitoring points in sewer systems based on entropy theory. The proposed model searches for a quantitative assessment of data collected from monitoring points. The points that maximize the total information among the collected data at multiple locations are selected using genetic algorithm (GA) for water quality monitoring. The proposed model is demonstrated for a small urban sewer system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e15093419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1377780308000},"page":"3419-3434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Determination of Optimal Water Quality Monitoring Points in Sewer Systems using Entropy Theory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodaero, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-719, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sanders, T.G., Ward, R.C., Loftis, J.C., Steele, T.D., Adrian, D.D., and Yevjevich, V. (1983). Design of Networks for Monitoring Water Quality, Water Resources Publications."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ward, R.C., Loftis, J.O., and McBride, G.B. (1990). Design of Water Quality Monitoring Systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harmancioglu, N.B., Fistikoglu, O., Ozkul, S.D., Singh, V.P., and Alpaslan, M.N. (1999). Water Quality Monitoring Network Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9155-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.03.001","article-title":"Network design for water quality monitoring of surface freshwaters: A review","volume":"87","author":"Strobl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1039\/b909521g","article-title":"Statistical approaches used to assess and redesign surface water quality monitoring networks","volume":"11","author":"Khalil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monitor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00727g","article-title":"A statistical approach for the assessment and redesign of the Nile Delta drainage water-quality-monitoring locations","volume":"13","author":"Khalil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monitor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2012.01.004","article-title":"A geostatistical method to optimize a water quality monitoring network in a large lake: Application to Lake Winnipeg stable isotope data","volume":"38","author":"Beveridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1039\/c2em30372h","article-title":"Coupling Geostatistical Approaches with PCA and Fuzzy Optimal Model (FOM) for the Integrated Assessment of Sampling Locations of Water Quality Monitoring Networks (WQMN)","volume":"14","author":"Ou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monitor."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2013.45A004","article-title":"Identification of contaminant source characteristics and monitoring network design in groundwater aquifers: an overview","volume":"4","author":"Amirabdollahian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1029\/94WR00872","article-title":"Monitoring Network Design to Provide Initial Detection of Groundwater Contamination","volume":"30","author":"Myer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s100400050157","article-title":"A Method for Designing Configurations of Nested Monitoring Wells near Landfills","volume":"6","author":"Hudak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2007)133:4(329)","article-title":"Multiobjective Design of Dynamic Monitoring Networks for Detection of Ground- water Pollution","volume":"133","author":"Dhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Water Res. Plan.-ASCE"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"697","article-title":"Design of a Water Quality Monitoring Network in the Nakdong River using Genetic Algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"JKSWE"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"453","article-title":"Object-oriented Design for Water Quality Monitoring Networks in the Han River System","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"JKSEE"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Harmancioglu, N.B. (1981). Measuring the information content of hydrological processes by the entropy concept. J. Civil Eng., 13\u201338."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"527","article-title":"Hydrologic encertainty measure and network design","volume":"25","author":"Husain","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAWRA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(97)00153-4","article-title":"An algorithm for designing a precipitation network in the south-western region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"205","author":"Husain","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2000)5:1(90)","article-title":"Entropy-Based Assessment of Water Quality Monitoring Networks","volume":"5","author":"Ozkul","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"501","article-title":"Evaluation of Water Quality Monitoring Network using Entropy Method","volume":"21","author":"Kwon","year":"2001","journal-title":"KSCE"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/14786445708642360","article-title":"The Nature of the Motion We Call Heat","volume":"14","author":"Clausius","year":"1857","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"373","article-title":"\u00dcber die Beziehung zwischen dem zweithin Hauptsatze der mechnischen W\u00e4rmetheorie und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung respective den S\u00e4tzen \u00fcber das W\u00e4rmegleichgewicht (In German)","volume":"76","author":"Boltzmann","year":"1877","journal-title":"Wiener Berichte"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication, The University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lati, B.P. (1968). An Introduction to Random Signals and Communication Theory, International Textbook Company."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1029\/WR009i006p01511","article-title":"Entropy in the assessment of uncertainty in hydrologic systems and models","volume":"9","author":"Amorocho","year":"1973","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(86)90079-X","article-title":"Entropy as a measure of hydrologic data uncertainty and model performance","volume":"86","author":"Chapman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"179","article-title":"Water quality monitoring network design: A problem of multi objective decision making","volume":"28","author":"Harmancioglu","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAWRA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199802)12:2<311::AID-HYP579>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Runoff quality prediction from small urban catchments using SWMM","volume":"12","author":"Tsihrintzis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Holland, J.H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(94)90111-2","article-title":"An entropy approach to data collection network design","volume":"157","author":"Yang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/15\/9\/3419\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:56Z","timestamp":1760219336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/15\/9\/3419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["e15093419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e15093419","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]]}}}