{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T20:06:52Z","timestamp":1777752412114,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]],"date-time":"2014-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of metallurgical factors on the aqueous corrosion behavior of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are reviewed in this article. Alloying (e.g., Al and Cu) and processing (e.g., heat treatments) effects on the aqueous corrosion behavior of HEAs, including passive film formation, galvanic corrosion, and pitting corrosion, are discussed in detail. Corrosion rates of HEAs are calculated using electrochemical measurements and the weight-loss method. Available experimental corrosion data of HEAs in two common solutions [sulfuric acid (0.5 M H2SO4) and salt water (3.5 weight percent, wt.%, NaCl)], such as the corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (icorr), pitting potential (Epit), and passive region (\u0394E), are summarized and compared with conventional corrosion-resistant alloys. Possible directions of future work on the corrosion behavior of HEAs are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e16020895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]],"date-time":"2014-02-14T12:37:22Z","timestamp":1392381442000},"page":"895-911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["Alloying and Processing Effects on the Aqueous Corrosion Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Koch, G.H., Brongers, M.P., Thompson, N.G., Virmani, Y.P., and Payer, J.H. (2001). Corrosion cost and preventive strategies in the United States, U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Publication No. FHWA-RD-01-156."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"G2MT Labs, LLC. Available online: http:\/\/www.g2mtlabs.com\/cost-of-corrosion\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cramer, S.D., and Covino, B.S. (2003). ASM Handbook Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, ASM International.","DOI":"10.31399\/asm.hb.v13a.9781627081825"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Frankel, G.S. (2003). ASM Handbook Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2003.10.257","article-title":"Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys","volume":"375","author":"Cantor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200300567","article-title":"Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200700240","article-title":"Solid-solution phase formation rules for multi-component alloys","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2010.05.014","article-title":"Refractory high-entropy alloys","volume":"18","author":"Senkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2012.06.046","article-title":"Fatigue behavior of Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloys","volume":"60","author":"Hemphill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta. Mater"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-012-0366-5","article-title":"Alloy design and properties optimization of high-entropy alloys","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-012-1474-0","article-title":"Local atomic structure of a high-entropy alloy: an x-ray and neutron scattering study","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01455","article-title":"High-entropy Alloys with High Saturation Magnetization, Electrical Resistivity, and Malleability","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-013-0776-z","article-title":"Aluminum alloying effects on lattice types, microstructures, and mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys systems","volume":"65","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-013-0733-x","article-title":"A Successful Synthesis of the CoCrFeNiAl0.3 Single-Crystal, High-Entropy Alloy by Bridgman Solidification","volume":"65","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2013.06.006","article-title":"Nature of the interfaces between the constituent phases in the high entropy alloy CoCrCuFeNiAl","volume":"134","author":"Welk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2013.09.037","article-title":"Effects of Al addition on structural evolution and tensile properties of the FeCoNiCrMn high-entropy alloy system","volume":"62","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2013.10.001","article-title":"Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater Sci"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2013.09.030","article-title":"A novel, single phase, non-equiatomic FeMnNiCoCr high-entropy alloy with exceptional phase stability and tensile ductility","volume":"72","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scripta Mater"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251907","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4730327","article-title":"Absence of long-range chemical ordering in equimolar FeCoCrNi","volume":"100","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2004.11.008","article-title":"Microstructure and electrochemical properties of high entropy alloys\u2014a comparison with type-304 stainless steel","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corros. Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2004.09.026","article-title":"Electrochemical kinetics of the high entropy alloys in aqueous environments\u2014a comparison with type 304 stainless steel","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Corros. Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2006.03.021","article-title":"Selected corrosion behaviors of a Cu0.5NiAlCoCrFeSi bulk glassy alloy in 288 \u00b0C high-purity water","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scripta Mater"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2010.04.004","article-title":"The effect of molybdenum on the corrosion behaviour of the high-entropy alloys Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.5Mox in aqueous environments","volume":"52","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11085-013-9407-x","article-title":"Elevated-temperature corrosion of CoCrCuFeNiAl0.5Bx high-entropy alloys in simulated syngas containing H2S","volume":"80","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Met"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2005.01.001","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of FeCoNiCrCux high-entropy alloys in 3.5% sodium chloride solution","volume":"92","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2009.11.028","article-title":"Electrochemical passive properties of AlxCoCrFeNi (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00) alloys in sulfuric acids","volume":"52","author":"Kao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Corros. Sci"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2008.04.011","article-title":"Effect of the aluminium content of AlxCrFe1.5MnNi0.5 high-entropy alloys on the corrosion behaviour in aqueous environments","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C424","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2744133","article-title":"The Effect of Boron on the Corrosion Resistance of the High Entropy Alloys Al0.5CoCrCuFeNiBx","volume":"154","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2008.06.014","article-title":"Enhancing pitting corrosion resistance of AlxCrFe1.5MnNi0.5 high-entropy alloys by anodic treatment in sulfuric acid","volume":"517","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-012-1535-4","article-title":"Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of AlCoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy Coatings Deposited on AISI 1045 Steel by the Electrospark Process","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2010.10.008","article-title":"Evolution of microstructure, hardness, and corrosion properties of high-entropy Al0.5CoCrFeNi alloy","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2011.02.022","article-title":"Effect of annealing treatment on microstructure and properties of high-entropy FeCoNiCrCu0.5 alloy","volume":"128","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2010.03.030","article-title":"Effect of aging treatment on microstructure and properties of high-entropy Cu0.5CoCrFeNi alloy","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.11.100","article-title":"Microstructure and properties of Al2CrFeCoCuTiNix high-entropy alloys prepared by laser cladding","volume":"553","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.09.091","article-title":"Microstructure and corrosion resistance of AlCrFeCuCo high entropy alloy","volume":"549","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Noel, J.J. (2003). ASM Handbook, Vol. 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Protection and Prevention, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2011.06.041","article-title":"Microstructure and wear behavior of AlxCo1.5CrFeNi1.5Tiy high-entropy alloys","volume":"59","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2009.10.013","article-title":"Effect of iron content on wear behavior of AlCoCrFexMo0.5Ni high-entropy alloys","volume":"268","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2005.12.008","article-title":"Adhesive wear behavior of AlxCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys as a function of aluminum content","volume":"261","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085128","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.88.085128","article-title":"Structural stability of NiCoFeCrAlx high-entropy alloy from ab initio theory","volume":"88","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2012.03.005","article-title":"Effects of Al addition on the microstructure and mechanical property of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2013.01.007","article-title":"Anomalous solidification microstructures in Co-free AlxCrCuFeNi2 high-entropy alloys","volume":"557","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Smith, W.F. (1993). Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-6783-5","article-title":"Effect of aluminum content on the passivation behavior of Fe\u2013Al alloys in sulfuric acid solution","volume":"41","author":"Chiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cramer, S.D., and Covino, B.S. (2003). ASM Handbook, Volume 13B: Corrosion: Materials, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(02)00134-8","article-title":"Inhibition of copper corrosion by isatin in aerated 0.5 M H2SO4","volume":"45","author":"Quartarone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Corros. Sci"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-005-0283-0","article-title":"Microstructure characterization of AlxCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy system with multiprincipal elements","volume":"36","author":"Tong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.10.088","article-title":"Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi wrought alloy","volume":"490","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4813688","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the high-entropy alloy Ag0.5CoCrCuFeNi at temperatures of 4.2\u2013300 K","volume":"39","author":"Laktionova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Low Temp. Phys"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Rebak, R.B. (2003). ASM Handbook Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-012-0365-6","article-title":"Computational thermodynamics aided high-entropy alloy design","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2009.05.024","article-title":"Microstructure, thermophysical and electrical properties in AlxCoCrFeNi (0 <= x <= 2) high-entropy alloys","volume":"163","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.08.090","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical property of as-cast, -homogenized, and -deformed AlxCoCrFeNi (0 <= x <= 2) high-entropy alloys","volume":"488","author":"Kao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.03.111","article-title":"Effect of aluminum contents on microstructure and properties of AlxCoCrFeNi alloys","volume":"504","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2012). ASTM G31 REV A, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2010). ASTM G102-89, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M., and Lide, D.R. (2010). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. [91st ed]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.08.007","article-title":"Effect of seawater level on corrosion behavior of different alloys","volume":"228","author":"Malik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2007.01.021","article-title":"A study on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys in seawater","volume":"29","author":"Ezuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Des"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M.K., and Liaw, P.K. (2008). Bulk metallic Glasses: An Overview, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-48921-6"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Natishan, P (2003). ASM Handbook Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/e16010494","article-title":"Exploration and Development of High Entropy Alloys for Structural Applications","volume":"16","author":"Miracle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02814848","article-title":"Crack size effects on the chemical driving force for aqueous corrosion fatigue","volume":"16","author":"Gangloff","year":"1985","journal-title":"MTA"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/16\/2\/895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:08:10Z","timestamp":1760216890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/16\/2\/895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e16020895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e16020895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]}}}