{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:19:27Z","timestamp":1773472767204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical composition of interfaces\u2014free surfaces and grain boundaries\u2014is generally described by the Langmuir\u2013McLean segregation isotherm controlled by Gibbs energy of segregation. Various components of the Gibbs energy of segregation, the standard and the excess ones as well as other thermodynamic state functions\u2014enthalpy, entropy and volume\u2014of interfacial segregation are derived and their physical meaning is elucidated. The importance of the thermodynamic state functions of grain boundary segregation, their dependence on volume solid solubility, mutual solute\u2013solute interaction and pressure effect in ferrous alloys is demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e16031462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T07:14:58Z","timestamp":1394608498000},"page":"1462-1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Applied Thermodynamics: Grain Boundary Segregation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Lej\u010dek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (AS CR), Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 7, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mojm\u00edr","family":"\u0160ob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5,  625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Physics of Materials, AS CR, \u017di\u017ekova 22, 616 62 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lej\u010dek, P. 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