{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:09:59Z","timestamp":1776931799005,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few decades, computer simulations have become a fundamental tool in the field of soft matter science, allowing researchers to investigate the properties of a large variety of systems. Nonetheless, even the most powerful computational resources presently available are, in general, sufficient to simulate complex biomolecules only for a few nanoseconds. This limitation is often circumvented by using coarse-grained models, in which only a subset of the system\u2019s degrees of freedom is retained; for an effective and insightful use of these simplified models; however, an appropriate parametrization of the interactions is of fundamental importance. Additionally, in many cases the removal of fine-grained details in a specific, small region of the system would destroy relevant features; such cases can be treated using dual-resolution simulation methods, where a subregion of the system is described with high resolution, and a coarse-grained representation is employed in the rest of the simulation domain. In this review we discuss the basic notions of coarse-graining theory, presenting the most common methodologies employed to build low-resolution descriptions of a system and putting particular emphasis on their similarities and differences. The AdResS and H-AdResS adaptive resolution simulation schemes are reported as examples of dual-resolution approaches, especially focusing in particular on their theoretical background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e16084199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T11:03:00Z","timestamp":1406545380000},"page":"4199-4245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Computer Simulations of Soft Matter: Linking the Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Raffaello","family":"Potestio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Universit\u00e4t Konstanz, Universit\u00e4tsstr.10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1743957","article-title":"Phase transition for a hard sphere system","volume":"5","author":"Alder","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. 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